Intra-code communication in a localized device coordinator

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are described for implementing a coordinator within a coordinated environment, which environment includes set of coordinated devices managed by the coordinator. The coordinator can be provisioned with a set of tasks, each task corresponding to a segment of code that can be executed by the coordinator, such as to manage the coordinated devices. To assist in execution of the tasks, the coordinator can include a communications manager that enables communications between tasks. The communications manager can provide a language-independent interface to call for execution of tasks, pass information to a task, and obtain outputs of a task. In some embodiments, the communication manager may utilize a language-independent protocol, such as the hypertext transport protocol, and be configured to respond to requests addressed to uniform resource identifiers associated with the communications manager.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is related to: U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______,by Ambuj Tandon, Calvin Kuo, and Jon Turow, filed concurrently herewithon Nov. 28, 2016, and entitled “MANAGING SECURITY IN MESSAGING PROTOCOLCOMMUNICATIONS”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, by Jon Turow,Calvin Kuo, and Kyunghwan Choi, filed concurrently herewith on Nov. 28,2016, and entitled “EMBEDDED CODES IN MESSAGING PROTOCOLCOMMUNICATIONS”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, by CalvinKuo, Jon Turow, and Kyunghwan Choi, filed concurrently herewith on Nov.28, 2016, and entitled “MANAGING MESSAGING PROTOCOL COMMUNICATIONS”(hereinafter, collectively, the “Related Applications”). The entirety ofeach of the Related Applications is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

Generally described, computing devices utilize a communication network,or a series of communication networks, to exchange data. Companies andorganizations operate computer networks that interconnect a number ofcomputing devices to support operations or provide services to thirdparties. The computing systems can be located in a single geographiclocation or located in multiple, distinct geographic locations (e.g.,interconnected via private or public communication networks).Specifically, data centers or data processing centers, herein generallyreferred to as “data centers,” may include a number of interconnectedcomputing systems to provide computing resources to users of the datacenter. The data centers may be private data centers operated on behalfof an organization or public data centers operated on behalf, or for thebenefit of, the general public.

To facilitate increased utilization of data center resources,virtualization technologies allow a single physical computing device tohost one or more instances of virtual machines that appear and operateas independent computing devices to users of a data center. Withvirtualization, the single physical computing device can create,maintain, delete, or otherwise manage virtual machines in a dynamicmanner. In turn, users can request computer resources from a datacenter, including single computing devices or a configuration ofnetworked computing devices, and be provided with varying numbers ofvirtual machine resources.

In some environments, the computing devices that communicate via thecommunication network can correspond to devices having a primaryfunction as a computing device, such as a desktop personal computer. Inother environments, at least some portion of the computing devices thatcommunication via the communication network can correspond to embeddeddevices or thin devices that have at least one alternative primaryfunction, such as household appliances having a separate primary purpose(e.g., a thermostat or refrigerator) while also providing at leastlimited computing functionality. In some instances, the local userinterfaces of these embedded devices or thin devices are limited, andthus remote management may be required to implement some functions ofthese devices. However, remote management can in some instances beproblematic, due to latency in communications with a remote managementdevice and potential for private information to be inadvertentlydisclosed either at the remote management device or duringcommunications with the remote management device. These issues may bemore prevalent when the embedded devices or thin devices and the remotemanagement device exist on separate communication networks orcommunicate over public communications networks.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Throughout the drawings, reference numbers may be re-used to indicatecorrespondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided toillustrate example embodiments described herein and are not intended tolimit the scope of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an illustrative environment in whicha coordinator can operate to locally manage and coordinate operation ofcoordinated devices within a coordinated environment, and wherein thecoordinator may communicate with client devices and a service providerenvironment to modify operation of the coordinator;

FIG. 2 depicts a general architecture of a computing device providing acoordinator of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 3A and 3B depict general architectures of coordinated devicesmanaged by the coordinator of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 depicts a general architecture of client device that may beutilized to generate and submit configuration information for acoordinator of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram depicting illustrative interactions forregistering a coordinator of FIG. 1 with a management and deploymentservice of a service provider environment, and for notifying thecoordinator, via a device shadow service, of a configuration obtainedfrom a client device;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram depicting illustrative interactions forutilizing a management and deployment service to provision a coordinatorwith a configuration, including a number of tasks of an on-demand codeexecution environment that are executable by the coordinator toimplement desired functionalities;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting illustrative interactions formodifying a configuration of a coordinated device via a client devicevia a coordinator, without requiring communications external to acoordinated environment;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram depicting illustrative interactions formanaging a queue of work items, such as calls to execute a task, on acoordinator of FIG. 1;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram depicting illustrative interactions forprocessing a task call from a queue of FIG. 8 by generating an executionenvironment in which to execute a call to a task and executing the taskwithin the execution environment;

FIG. 10 depicts an illustrative queue processing routine that may beimplemented by a coordinator of FIG. 1;

FIG. 11 depicts an illustrative execution environment generation routinethat may be implemented by a coordinator of FIG. 1;

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram depicting illustrative interactions for use ofa communication manager to enable a first task execution to call for asecond task execution on a coordinator of FIG. 1;

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram depicting illustrative interactions for theuse of a communication manager to provide an output of a first taskexecution to a caller of the first task execution on a coordinator ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 14 depicts an illustrative cross-task communication routine thatmay be implemented by a communication manager within a coordinator ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram depicting illustrative interactions for theuse of a remote interface task to call a first task execution on acoordinator of FIG. 1 via a second task execution on an externalon-demand code execution environment 150;

FIG. 16 depicts an illustrative external task call routine that may beimplemented by a remote interface task executing on a coordinator ofFIG. 1;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally described, aspects of the present disclosure relate to acoordinator present within a coordinated environment to controloperation and functionality of coordinated devices within thecoordinated environment. In some instances, coordinated devices maycorrespond to embedded devices or thin devices that have at least onealternative primary function, such as household appliances having aseparate primary purpose. Such devices may in some instances be referredto as “Internet-of-Things” devices, or “IoT” devices. Coordinateddevices may include limited local user interface capabilities, and maythus benefit from remote management. The coordinator disclosed hereinenables such remote management of coordinated devices locally, within anenvironment including the coordinator and the coordinated devices (suchas a local area network, or “LAN,” environment). Use of a coordinatorcan thus enable management of coordinated devices without requiringcommunications external to the local environment, thereby allowing areduction in privacy risks and an increase in communication speed overthe use of external or public communication networks. Specifically,aspects of the present disclosure relate to the utilization of acoordinator as a localized on-demand code execution system, enablingrapid execution of portable segments of code to implement functions onthe coordinator. These portable segments of code may be referred toherein as “tasks.” In some instances, tasks may be utilized tocoordinate functionality of a coordinated device, such as by changingthe state of the device. For example, where a coordinated device is anetwork-enabled light, a task may function to change the state of thelight (e.g., to “on” or “off”) according to an input to the coordinator,such as the current time, a user input, or the state of anothercoordinated device. The coordinator may further enable communicationcoordinated devices and tasks according to a number of differentprotocols, and in some instances provide translation functions betweensuch protocols. Still further, the coordinator may in some instancesmanage an execution location of a task, such that the task may beexecuted on the coordinator, on a coordinated device, or on a device ofa remote environment (e.g., a remote network computing environment),according to capabilities of candidate devices and requirements forexecution of the task. These tasks may in some instances beuser-defined, enabling users to implement a variety of functionalitieson the coordinator or coordinated devices, according to user-submittedcode corresponding to the task. Thus, a coordinator may provide rapidlyreconfigurable localized management of coordinated devices.

In some instances, the coordinator may manage a state of coordinateddevice via a “device shadow.” In general, device shadows may correspondto a data representation of a desired state of a coordinated device, asstored at a location remote from the coordinated device (e.g., acoordinator or a remote device shadow service). A coordinated device maybe configured to synchronize with the state represented by a deviceshadow, and as such, a change to the device shadow may be expected tocause a corresponding change in the state of a coordinated device. Insome instances, synchronization of a coordinated device and acorresponding shadow may occur via a “publish/subscribe” modelcommunication protocol, such as the MQTT protocol, which protocol isknown in the art. Accordingly, a coordinated device may “subscribe” to adevice shadow for that coordinated device. The coordinator may thenobtain desired changes to the state of a device shadow via requests to“publish” to the device shadow. The coordinator may notify thecoordinated device via the communication protocol of the change in stateof the device shadow, and the coordinated device may respond bysynchronizing a local state to the state of the device shadow. Use ofdevice shadows may be advantageous, for example, in decoupling requeststo read or modify the state of a coordinated device from communicationswith the coordinated device. Illustratively, requests to read or modifythe state of a coordinated device may be considered successfulimmediately, on reading or modifying the device shadow. Any changesnecessary to the coordinated device may then occur asynchronously to therequest, according to the communication protocol between the coordinateddevice and the shadow device. Because requests to interact with thedevice may be decoupled from actual communications with the device,these requests and device communications may also utilize differentcommunication protocols. For example, requests to read or modify adevice state via a device shadow may be transmitted according to ahigh-overhead, high-reliability protocol, such as the TransmissionControl Protocol (TCP), while communications between the device shadowand the coordinated device may occur via a low-overhead protocol such asMQTT. Further details regarding the MQTT to transmit communications tocoordinated devices can be found within U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/249,213, entitled “EXECUTING REMOTE COMMANDS,” and filed Aug. 26,2016 (the '213 application), the entirety of which is incorporated byreference herein. In some instances, utilization of a device shadow mayprovide other benefits, such as reducing the computational resourcesused by the coordinated device. For example, the coordinated device maynot be required to process or even be aware of requests to read thecoordinated device's state, as such requests can be handled by a host ofthe corresponding device shadow (e.g., the coordinated device). Furtherdetails regarding the use of device shadows generally can be foundwithin U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/196,700, entitled “DeviceRepresentation Management Using Representation Types,” and filed Jun.29, 2016 (the “'700 application”), the entirety of which is incorporatedby reference herein.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, a coordinatormay be associated with a user, who may alter the configuration of thecoordinator via an environment of a service provider. Illustratively,the service provider environment may be operated by a provider of thecoordinator, and enable a user to specify various configurationparameters of the coordinator, such as the location of a coordinatedenvironment for the coordinator, the coordinated devices within theenvironment, the tasks executable by a coordinator, how the coordinatorshould manage communications between devices, between tasks, or betweendevices and tasks, security information for the coordinator, or otherparameters of the coordinator (such as metrics to be monitored at acoordinator or logging to be conducted at the coordinator). Because thecoordinator itself may in some instances be associated with limitedlocalized user interfaces, the service provider environment by enable auser, via a client device, to submit a configuration for thecoordinator, and to cause the coordinator to be automaticallyprovisioned with the configuration. The service provider environment mayfurther enable a single client device to manage multiple coordinatorsvia a unified interface, and to quickly alter the configuration of acoordinator by deploying a new configuration, or by rolling-back orundoing prior deployments of configurations to the coordinator.

In some instances, the service provider environment may providefunctionalities similar or identical to the functionalities of thecoordinator. For example, a coordinator may function at least in partbased on execution of portable segments of code, or “tasks.” Similarly,a server provider environment may include an on-demand code executionenvironment that functions to execute the same or similar tasks. Furtherdetails regarding such an on-demand code execution environment can befound within U.S. Pat. No. 9,323,556, entitled “PROGRAMMATIC EVENTDETECTION AND MESSAGE GENERATION FOR REQUESTS TO EXECUTE PROGRAM CODE”and filed Sep. 30, 2014 (“the '556 patent”), the entirety of which ishereby incorporated by reference. In brief, to execute tasks, anon-demand code execution environment may maintain a pool ofpre-initialized virtual machine instances that are ready for use as soonas a user request is received. Due to the pre-initialized nature ofthese virtual machines, delay (sometimes referred to as latency)associated with executing the user code (e.g., instance and languageruntime startup time) can be significantly reduced, often to sub-100millisecond levels. Illustratively, the on-demand code executionenvironment may maintain a pool of virtual machine instances on one ormore physical computing devices, where each virtual machine instance hasone or more software components (e.g., operating systems, languageruntimes, libraries, etc.) loaded thereon. When the on-demand codeexecution environment receives a request to execute the program code ofa user (a “task”), which specifies one or more computing constraints forexecuting the program code of the user, the on-demand code executionenvironment may select a virtual machine instance for executing theprogram code of the user based on the one or more computing constraintsspecified by the request and cause the program code of the user to beexecuted on the selected virtual machine instance. The program codes canbe executed in isolated containers that are created on the virtualmachine instances. Since the virtual machine instances in the pool havealready been booted and loaded with particular operating systems andlanguage runtimes by the time the requests are received, the delayassociated with finding compute capacity that can handle the requests(e.g., by executing the user code in one or more containers created onthe virtual machine instances) is significantly reduced. The on-demandcode execution environment may include a virtual machine instancemanager, as described in more detail in the '556 patent, that isconfigured to receive user code (threads, programs, etc., composed inany of a variety of programming languages) and execute the code in ahighly scalable, low latency manner, without requiring userconfiguration of a virtual machine instance. Specifically, the virtualmachine instance manager can, prior to receiving the user code and priorto receiving any information from a user regarding any particularvirtual machine instance configuration, create and configure virtualmachine instances according to a predetermined set of configurations,each corresponding to any one or more of a variety of run-timeenvironments. Thereafter, the virtual machine instance manager receivesuser-initiated requests to execute code, and identifies a pre-configuredvirtual machine instance to execute the code based on configurationinformation associated with the request. The virtual machine instancemanager can further allocate the identified virtual machine instance toexecute the user's code at least partly by creating and configuringcontainers inside the allocated virtual machine instance. Variousembodiments for implementing a virtual machine instance manager andexecuting user code on virtual machine instances is described in moredetail in the '556 patent.

Because an on-demand code execution environment as implemented by acoordinator may be associated with more limited computational resourcesthan the on-demand code execution environment described in the '556patent (which may be implemented, for example, in a data center), thecoordinator may implement a scheduler to assist in prioritization oftask executions. Specifically, a scheduler receive calls to executetasks, and enqueue such calls as work items onto a work item queue. Thescheduler may then selectively dequeuer calls from the work item queueaccording to a scheduling algorithm. Any number of scheduling algorithmsmay be utilized by the scheduler, such as first in, first outscheduling, earliest deadline first scheduling, shortest remaining timescheduling, fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling, and round-robinscheduling, each of which is known in the art. Illustratively, eachscheduling algorithm may be implemented based on an amount of availablecompute resources to a coordinator, and an amount of resources needed tocomplete a task call (which may be set, for example, by an author of atask or an administrator of the coordinator, or may be estimated basedon static or dynamic analysis of the task). In some instances, ascheduling algorithm may also be based at least in part on a priorityassigned to the task by an author of the task, by an administrator ofthe coordinator, by a calling entity, etc. The scheduler may process aqueue of work items according to the scheduling algorithm, and when atask call is selected for dequeing, cause completion of the task call byexecuting the task corresponding to the call (e.g., according to theparameters of the call).

To assist in execution of a task, a coordinator can further include aresource manager to monitor a state of compute resource usage at thecoordinator and to manage generation, destruction, and maintenance ofexecution environments in which a task will execute. The executionenvironments can include any portion of memory logically allocated to atask execution. Illustratively, an execution environment may correspondto a “container,” operating-system-level virtualization environment, or“sand box” environment, such as a “chroot jail” or a Python virtualenvironment “virtualenv.” In other instances, an execution environmentmay correspond to a virtual machine environment (e.g., a JAVA virtualmachine, a virtualized hardware device with distinct operating system,etc.). In still other instances, an execution environment may be amemory space allocated to an execution of a task, without necessarilyutilizing virtualization. Illustratively, a resource manager may enablea scheduler to retrieve current compute resource availabilityinformation for a coordinator, such as an amount of available memory,processor cycles (e.g., of a central processing unit, graphicalprocessing unit, etc.), network bandwidth, or other computing resources,in order to enable the scheduler to determine which task calls todequeuer from a work item queue. In some instances, the resource managermay provide other information to the scheduler, such as a listing ofcurrent task executions occurring at the coordinator. The resourcemanager may further receive and process requests from the scheduler toobtain an execution environment to which to pass a task call.Illustratively, where each task is executed in a separate executionenvironment, and where no execution environment exists for a given task,the resource manager may determine the resources needed for an executionof the given task (e.g., in terms of underlying compute resources, likeprocessor capacity and memory, as well as in terms of softwareresources, such as drivers, runtimes, utilities, dependencies, etc.),and generate an execution environment to provide such resources. Theresource manager may then return identifying information for theexecution environment to the scheduler, such that the scheduler may passa call to execute the task to the execution environment. In someinstances, the resource manager may also enable re-utilization ofexisting execution environments. For example, some tasks, such as thosecorresponding to commonly-used functionalities of the coordinator, maybe “pinned,” such that an execution environment is pre-generated for thetask. Thus, when the resource manager receives a request to generate anexecution environment for the task, identifying information for thepre-generated environment may be returned, reducing the time andcomputing resources required to generate the execution environment. Insome instances, execution environments may be re-utilized across tasks,such as when two different tasks require the same or similar resourcesfor execution. In such instances, the resource manager may “clean” theexecution environment between execution of different tasks, to ensurethe security between the executions. As will be described in more detailbelow, the resource manager may further enable suspension and resumptionof execution environments, such that execution environments of lowpriority tasks may be suspended to release compute resources to a highpriority tasks, and resumed in accordance with a scheduling algorithm.

As discussed above, the coordinator may in some instances be configuredto select whether to execute tasks locally (e.g., on the coordinator) orby use of an on-demand code execution environment within a serviceprovider network. As a further example, both a coordinator and a serviceprovider environment may provide a device shadow corresponding to acoordinated device, and users may submit requests to change either orboth a device shadow hosted by a coordinator or a device shadow hostedwithin a service provider environment. In such instances, thecoordinator may function to synchronize the various device shadowscorresponding to a given coordinated device, as well as the coordinateddevice itself. For example, the coordinator and the service providerenvironment may implement a version vector or vector clock protocol,such that coordinator may detect an ordering of changes to the deviceshadow at the device shadow at the respective coordinator and serviceprovider environment (e.g., as sequential changes in a given order, oras concurrent changes). The coordinator may then implement a(potentially configurable) rule to establish the state of a deviceshadow at the coordinator in response to such changes. For example, thecoordinator may be configured such that sequential changes to respectivedevice shadows at the coordinator and the service provider environmentcause the device shadow of the coordinator to be updated as if thesequential changes with respect to the device shadow of the coordinator(e.g., such that if change a occurred before change b, regardless ofwhere such change occurred, change a would be applied to the deviceshadow of the coordinator, and then change b would be applied). Thecoordinator may further be configured to resolve concurrent changes in apredetermined and potentially configurable manner. Illustratively, thecoordinator may determine that, where concurrent changes occur to adevice shadow of a coordinator and a device shadow of a service providerenvironment, both changes should be maintained so long as they are notconflicting (e.g., both changes do not seek to modify the same valuemaintained within a device shadow). As a further illustration, thecoordinator may determine that, where conflicting changes occur to adevice shadow of a coordinator and a device shadow of a service providerenvironment, the changes to the device shadow of the coordinator shouldbe maintained and the changes to the device shadow of the serviceprovider should be discarded. Various other mechanisms for addressingconcurrent modifications will be recognized by one skilled in the art.

In some embodiments, a coordinator may include a communication manager,including code executable to facilitate communications between differenttasks executing on the coordinator, or between a task executing on thecoordinator and a task executing in a remote environment (e.g., anon-demand code execution system). Illustratively, the communicationmanager may provide a standardized interface through which taskexecutions may exchange information, such as calls to execute a task oroutputs of task executions. The communication manager may support anumber of protocols, such that tasks may communicate with one anotherdespite potential incompatibilities between the tasks. For example, itmay generally be difficult for tasks written in different programminglanguages to transmit information between one another, or to interactwith other code executing on a coordinator (such as a scheduler thatfacilitates execution of tasks). The communication manager may providean interface to facilitate such communications via a well-knownprotocol, such as the hypertext transport protocol (HTTP). For example,a first task execution may transmit an HTTP request to the communicationmanager, indicating a desire to execute a second task. The communicationmanager may then validate the call, such as by authenticating the firsttask execution and verifying a format and content of the call, and ifvalid, may transmit the call to a scheduler (e.g., via an API of thescheduler) for processing on the coordinator. In some instances, thecommunication manager may also facilitate return of an output of theresulting execution of the second task, and may return the output to thefirst task execution. For example, the communication manager may assignan execution identifier to the initial HTTP request transmitted by thefirst task execution, and on obtaining a result of the second taskexecution, transmit a notification to the first task execution of theoutput. In other instances, the communication manager may enable acalling task to query for a state of a task execution. For example, afirst task execution that calls for a second task execution may transmita query to the communication manager for output corresponding to a givenexecution identifier, and the communication manager may return thatoutput, if available. In some instances, the communication manager mayadditionally or alternatively return other information, such as a stateof a task corresponding to an execution identifier (e.g., executing,executed successfully, resulted in error, etc.). In addition to thebenefits noted above, use of a communication manager may provide forrobust asynchronous intra-task communications, by handling delays incommunications resulting from queuing of task executions, communicationslatencies, etc. Moreover, use of a communication manager may enable foruse of multiple protocols according to the protocol supported by varioustasks. For example, a communication manager may support both the HTTP1.1 and HTTP 2.0 protocols, and enable tasks to communicate with oneanother according to different protocols. As new protocols areimplemented, the communication manager may be updated to support thesenew protocols, while maintaining compatibility with old protocols. Thus,the communication manager can provide substantial flexibility inintra-task communications.

In some instances, the communication manager may also facilitatecommunications with tasks executing externally to a coordinator, such ason a remote on-demand code execution system. Generally, communicationsfrom a remote on-demand code execution system to a coordinator (or taskexecuting on a coordinator) may be more difficult than communicationsfrom a coordinator to a remote on-demand code execution system.Illustratively, the remote on-demand code execution system may beimplemented on a network that operates primarily based on communicationsfrom external sources, and be configured to support such communications(e.g., via registration with domain name service (DNS) providers, use ofdedicated network connections, implementation of security policies thatallow for externally-source communications, etc.). However, acoordinator may operate within a private network, whereexternally-sourced communications may not be as reliably. For example, aprivate network may not utilize a robust, reliable, and dedicatednetwork connection, may not utilize DNS providers (or have staticnetwork addresses), and may implement restrictive security policies thatinhibit externally sourced communications. To address thesedifficulties, a coordinator may implement a remote interface thatenables communication with an external communication source, such as aremote on-demand code execution system. In one embodiment, the remoteinterface may be implemented as a task on the coordinator, and executeto initiate communications with the external communication source.Because such communications can be initiated by the remote interface,difficulties such as lack of static network addresses, restrictivesecurity policies, or use of network address translation, on a privatenetwork can be at least partially mitigated. Moreover, the remoteinterface may provide for latency and error tolerate communications,addressing issues in reliability of a private network. Illustratively,the remote interface may periodically retrieve from a remote on-demandcode execution system a set of tasks requested to be executed on acoordinator, and cause the set of tasks to be executed the coordinator(e.g., via transmitting requests to a communications manager, asdescribed above). The remote interface may further obtain outputs ofexecutions of the set of tasks, and return the outputs to the remoteon-demand code execution environment. Thus, the remote interface canfacilitate communications between the coordinator and the remoteon-demand code execution environment.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art in light of thepresent disclosure, the embodiments disclosed herein improves theability of computing systems, and particularly computing systems withlimited localized user interfaces, to be coordinated and managed by anexternal device. Specifically, the present disclosure provides a highlyconfigurable coordinator to coordinate and manage devices within acoordinated environment in a reliable manner, while reducing oreliminating the need for communications via external or publiccommunication networks. Thus, the embodiments disclosed herein providemore responsive control of coordinated devices (due, for example, toreduced latency of communications), as well as increased security incoordinated devices (due, for example, to a lack of need to communicatevia public networks). Thus, the present disclosure represents animprovement on existing data processing systems and computing systems ingeneral.

Moreover, the coordinator disclosed herein may be utilized in a numberof situations, and provide numerous benefits over prior systems. Forexample, because local communications networks (e.g., local areanetworks, or “LANs”) in many instances provide higher bandwidth andlower latency than non-local networks (e.g., wide area networks, or“WANs”), use of a coordinator as disclosed herein may make possible orpractical data processing applications that would otherwise beimpossible or impractical. For example, some current network-based dataanalysis systems operate by gathering limited portions of data from avariety of network-connected devices, and analyzing those limitedportions (e.g., according to a machine learning algorithm) to generateaggregate or predictive data regarding the network-connected devices.For example, a car manufacturer may gather limited data regarding theoperation of its cars, and analyze the data to assist in development ofassisted driving technologies for these cars. However, such analysis isgenerally based on limited data sets, as the amount of data produced bya car during operation typically exceeds the bandwidth available totransmit such data to a network-attached analysis service. Byutilization of a coordinator local to such a car, analysis (e.g.,application of machine learning algorithms) could be applied to a largerportion, or potentially all, of the data generated by the car. Becausethe output of such an analysis may be smaller than the data analyzed,such output could then be provided to a network-attached analysisservice for combination or aggregation with outputs of other individualcars. Thus, the use of a coordinator may enable greater analysis of thecar's data without overburdening the limited bandwidth between the carand the network-attached analysis service. A variety of other localizeddata processing applications are possible and within the scope of thepresent application. For example, multiple scenarios exist in which analways-on device can be tasked with monitoring an environment, andrecording or reporting specific occurrences in such an environment(e.g., a camera may utilize motion detection to initiate recording orlong-term storage of that recording). A coordinator as described hereinmay provide the ability to dynamically alter the occurrences in whichsuch recording may occur, or the analysis conducted to detect suchoccurrences. For example, where a camera is managed by a coordinator,the camera may constantly provide a recording to the coordinator, whichmay analyze the recording according to a user-defined task, and takeappropriate action as defined by the task, such as locally storing therecording, notifying a third party of a detected occurrence in therecording, uploading the recording to network-accessible storage. Suchanalysis and actions may be varied by reconfiguring the coordinator, asdescribed herein. Thus, a coordinator of the present application canprovide highly configurable, localized management and control ofcoordinated devices.

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of thisdisclosure will become more readily appreciated as the same becomebetter understood by reference to the following description, when takenin conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an illustrative operating environment 100,including one or more coordinated environments 110 in which acoordinator 114 may operate to control coordinated devices 112, as wellclient devices 102 that may interact with the coordinated environments110 (e.g., to request a change in state of a coordinated device 112),and a service provider environment 120 that may assist in communicationswith or configuration of the coordinators 114 in various coordinatedenvironments 110.

The coordinated environments 110, client devices, and service providerenvironment 120 may communicate via a network 104, which may include anywired network, wireless network, or combination thereof. For example,the network 104 may be a personal area network, local area network, widearea network, over-the-air broadcast network (e.g., for radio ortelevision), cable network, satellite network, cellular telephonenetwork, or combination thereof. As a further example, the network 104may be a publicly accessible network of linked networks, possiblyoperated by various distinct parties, such as the Internet. In someembodiments, the network 104 may be a private or semi-private network,such as a corporate or university intranet. The network 104 may includeone or more wireless networks, such as a Global System for MobileCommunications (GSM) network, a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)network, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, or any other type ofwireless network. The network 104 can use protocols and components forcommunicating via the Internet or any of the other aforementioned typesof networks. For example, the protocols used by the network 104 mayinclude Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTP Secure (HTTPS), MQTT,Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), and the like. Protocols andcomponents for communicating via the Internet or any of the otheraforementioned types of communication networks are well known to thoseskilled in the art and, thus, are not described in more detail herein.

While some embodiments disclosed herein may utilize known protocols,such as MQTT, accord to a standard implementation of such protocols,other embodiments may vary the implementation of such protocols. Forexample, standardized MQTT can utilize a “keep alive” functionality,whereby a client and broker must exchange either normal data or aspecialized keep-alive message (e.g., an MQTT ping) within a thresholdperiod of time (a “keep-alive” threshold), or the connection is assumedto be broken. However, the overhead created by specialized keep-alivemessages may be undesirable within coordinated environments 112. Thus,some embodiments of the present application may implement a variablekeep-alive threshold, whereby the keep-alive threshold is increased askeep-alive messages are transmitted, until an error occurs incommunication. Illustratively, where a first keep-alive thresholdexpires, results in client transmission of a keep-alive message, and theclient obtains a keep-alive response from a broker, the client mayincrease the keep-alive threshold for subsequent transmissions by someamount (e.g., 50%, n ms, etc.), potentially reaching a maximum amount.Where a first keep-alive threshold expires, results in clienttransmission of a keep-alive message, and the client does not obtain akeep-alive response from a broker, the client may descrease thekeep-alive threshold for subsequent transmissions either by some amount(e.g., 50%, n ms, etc.) or to a default minimum value. Thus, askeep-alive messages are transmitted and acknowledged, the keep-alivethreshold for subsequent transmissions can be increased, reducingbandwidth used to support such transmissions. These variations to theMQTT may be particularly beneficial in environments 110 withlow-bandwidth or high congestion.

Each coordinated environment 110 may include a coordinator 114 and anynumber of coordinated devices 112, in communication via a network of theexecution environment 110 (which network is not shown in FIG. 1).Because of their association within the coordinated environment 110, thecoordinated devices 112 and coordinator 114 within a given environment110 may be considered “local” to one another, in terms of communicationsnetwork. For example, the coordinated devices 112 and coordinator 114within a given environment 110 may be connected via a LAN or otherlocalized communication network. The coordinated devices 112 andcoordinator 114 may communicate with one another over such a localizedcommunication network, in accordance with the embodiments describedherein. In some instances, communications between a coordinated devices112 and coordinator 114 may be encrypted, such as via Transport LayerSecurity cryptographic protocol. Illustratively, a coordinator 114 maybe provisioned with a security certificate that verifies a digitalidentify of the coordinator. The security certificate may be signed by apublic certificate authority or a private certificate authority (e.g.,established by the service provider environment 120).

Each coordinated device 112 can correspond to a computing deviceconfigured to communicate with the coordinator 114 to managefunctionality of the coordinated device 112. In some instances,coordinated devices 112 can correspond to fully featured computingdevices, such as laptops, desktops, stand alone media players, etc.,with robust localized user interface capabilities. In other instances,coordinated devices 112 can correspond to thin devices or embeddeddevices associated with another primary function, such as an deviceembedded within or attached as an accessory to a household appliance ordevice (such as a refrigerator, washing machine, hot water heater,furnace, door lock, light bulb, electrical outlet, electrical switch,etc.). Such appliances or devices are in some contexts referred to as“smart” devices, IoT devices, or “connected” devices. As such, thecoordinated devices 112 may include limited local user interfaces, andbe configured for remote management. In some instances, coordinateddevices 112 may be stateful, and operate to alter their state inresponse to instructions (e.g., by turning from “off” to “on,” etc.).

As described in more detail below (e.g., with respect to FIG. 2), thecoordinator 114 can correspond to a computing device executinginstructions to coordinate, manage, or control operation of thecoordinated devices 112, without requiring that instructions transmittedto the coordinated devices 112 travel outside the coordinatedenvironments 110 (thus increase the security of such instructions andincreasing the speed of their transmission). Specifically, thecoordinator 114 can include a processor and memory collectivelyconfigured to manage communications between any combination ofcoordinated devices 112, client devices 102, and devices of the serviceprovider network 120. The coordinator can further be configured toenable executions of tasks, in a manner similar to an on-demand codeexecution environment 120 of the service provider environment 120. Thesetasks may implement a variety of user-defined or non-user-definedfunctionalities, including communicating with coordinated devices 112,client devices 102, and devices of the service provider network 120. Assuch, the coordinator 114 can be configured to allow for manual,automatic, or semi-automatic control of coordinated devices 112. Forexample, the coordinator 114 may enable a client device 102 to transmita request to change the state of a coordinated device 112, and causesuch a change in state to occur. As a further example, the coordinator114 may enable a user to specify a criterion under which a state of acoordinated device 112 should be changed, and then automatically operateto change the state of the coordinated device 112 when the criterion issatisfied.

As will be discussed below, many functions of the coordinator 114 may beestablished via tasks, enabling rapid alteration of these functions asdesired by a user. In some instances, such tasks (or dependencies ofsuch tasks, such as libraries, drivers, etc.) may be provided by a userof the coordinator. In other instances, such tasks may be provided tothe coordinator 114 by a service provide environment 120. For example,the service provider environment 150 may maintain a library of tasksavailable to coordinators 114, as well as types of coordinated devices112 to which such tasks can apply (e.g., all devices, a specific devicemodel, devices of a specific manufacturer, type, or function, etc.). Theservice provider environment 150 may then provide all or some tasks to acoordinator 114 appropriate for the coordinated devices 112 in acoordinated environment 110 of the coordinator 114, or notify a user ofthe availability of such tasks. In one embodiment, a user may notify theservice provider environment 150 or the coordinator 114 as to thecoordinated devices 112 in the coordinated environment 110. In anotherembodiment, the coordinator 114 may be configured to determinecharacteristics of coordinated devices 112 within a coordinatedenvironment 110 based on transmissions of those devices. Illustratively,on receiving a communication from a coordinated device 112 (e.g., inresponse to a user-initiated pairing, based on automated transmissions,etc.), a coordinator 114 may compare a content or format of thetransmission to information mapping formats or contents to differentdevice times. Such a mapping may be maintained by the service providerenvironment 150, and updated based on data collected from variouscoordinators 114. In some instances, rather than mapping transmission todevice types, a coordinator 114 may function to map transmissions totasks appropriate for a device 112, regardless of whether the type ofthe device 112 is known. For example, the service provider environment150 may collect, for an established environment 110 with one or morecoordinated devices 112, data identifying a content or format oftransmission of such devices 112 and the tasks utilized to manageoperation of such devices 112. Thereafter, newly created coordinatedenvironments 110 may be monitored for identical or similartransmissions, and the tasks utilize in the established environment 110may be presented for potential use in the newly create environment 110.In still other embodiments, a coordinator 114 may utilize standardizeddiscovery protocols, such as the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) set ofprotocols, to discover devices 112 within a coordinated environment 110.

Client devices 102 may include a variety of computing devices enabling auser to communicate with the coordinated environments 110, the serviceprovider environment 120, or both. In general, the client devices 102can be any computing device such as a desktop, laptop or tabletcomputer, personal computer, wearable computer, server, personal digitalassistant (PDA), hybrid PDA/mobile phone, mobile phone, electronic bookreader, set-top box, voice command device, camera, digital media player,and the like. The service provider environment 120 may provide theclient devices 102 with one or more user interfaces, command-lineinterfaces (CLI), application programming interfaces (API), and/or otherprogrammatic interfaces for interacting with the service providerenvironment 120, such as to submit a configuration for a coordinator114, and control deployment of that configuration, to submit codecorresponding to a task to be executed on the coordinator 114 or anon-demand code execution environment 150 of the service providerenvironment 120, to view logging or monitoring information related tocoordinators 114, etc. Similarly, the coordinator 114 may provide theclient devices 102 with one or more user interfaces, command-lineinterfaces (CLI), application programming interfaces (API), and/or otherprogrammatic interfaces for interacting with the coordinator 114, suchas to read a state of a coordinated device 112, request a change instate of a coordinated device 112, request that the coordinator 114cause execution of a task, etc. Although one or more embodiments may bedescribed herein as using a user interface, it should be appreciatedthat such embodiments may, additionally or alternatively, use any CLIs,APIs, or other programmatic interfaces.

The service provider environment 120 can include a number of elements toenable configuration of, management of, and communications withcoordinators 114. Specifically, the service provider environment 120includes a management and deployment service 130 to enable registrationof coordinators 114 with the service provider environment 120 andconfiguration of such coordinators 114, a device shadow service 140 toenable robust changes to state of coordinators 114 and coordinateddevices 112, and an on-demand code execution environment 150 providingon-demand, dynamic execution of tasks, as well as deployment andprovisioning of tasks on coordinators 114.

As shown in FIG. 1, the management and deployment service 130 includes aclient and data interface 132 and a configuration data store 134 thatmay operate collectively to enable registration of a coordinator 114with the management and deployment service 130, generation ofconfigurations for the coordinator 114, and transmission ofconfiguration data to the coordinator 114. Illustratively, the clientand data interface 132 may provide one or more user interfaces (e.g.,APIs, CLIs, GUIs, etc.) through which a user, via a client device 102,may generate or submit a configuration of a coordinator 114 for storagein the configuration data store 134. The client and data interface 132may further provide one or more interfaces through which a coordinator114 may obtain the configuration, such that the coordinator 114 isreconfigured according to the obtained configuration. The configurationdata store 134 can correspond to any persistent or substantiallypersistent data store, such as a hard drive (HDD), a solid state drive(SDD), network attached storage (NAS), a tape drive, or any combinationthereof.

The device shadow service 140 can include elements enabling a “shadowstate” of a device, such as a coordinator 114 or a coordinated device112, to be created, maintained, read, altered, or deleted. As discussedabove, a shadow state may correspond to data representing a desiredstate of a correspond device, which may or may not mirror a currentstate of the device. For example, with respect to a coordinator 114, ashadow state may include a desired configuration version for thecoordinator 114. With respect to a coordinated device 112, a shadowstate may include a desired state of the coordinated device 112 (e.g.,on or off for a switch or bulb, locked or unlocked for a lock, a desiredtemperature for a thermostat, etc.). The device shadow service 140 mayenable users, via client devices 102, or other entities to read from ormodify a shadow state for a device, and may further interact with thatdevice to synchronize the device to the shadow state. Illustratively,the device shadow service 140 may include an interface 142 (which mayinclude, e.g., APIs, CLIs, GUIs, etc.) through which requests to readfrom, write to, create or delete a shadow state may be received, as wellas a shadow data store 144 configured to store the shadow states. Theshadow data store 134 can correspond to any persistent or substantiallypersistent data store, such as a hard drive (HDD), a solid state drive(SDD), network attached storage (NAS), a tape drive, or any combinationthereof. Further details regarding the device shadow service 140 can befound within the '700 application, incorporated by reference above.

The on-demand code execution environment 150 can include a number ofdevices providing on-demand execution of tasks (e.g., portable codesegments). Specifically, the on-demand code execution environment 150can include a frontend 152, through which users, via client device 102,may submit tasks to the on-demand code execution environment 150 andcall for execution of tasks on the on-demand code execution environment150. Such tasks may be stored, for example, in a task data store 154,which can correspond to any persistent or substantially persistent datastore, such as a hard drive (HDD), a solid state drive (SDD), networkattached storage (NAS), a tape drive, or any combination thereof. Whilenot shown in FIG. 1, the on-demand code execution system 150 can includea variety of additional components to enable execution of tasks, such asa number of execution environments (e.g., containers or virtual machinesexecuting on physical host devices of the on-demand code executionenvironment 150), a worker manager to manage such executionenvironments, and a warming pool manager to assist in making executionenvironments available to the worker manager on a rapid basis (e.g.,under 10 ms). Further details regarding the on-demand code executionenvironment can be found within the '556 patent, incorporated byreference above.

As noted above, tasks may be utilized both at the on-demand codeexecution environment 150 and at coordinators 114. As noted above, taskscorrespond to individual collections of user code (e.g., to achieve aspecific function). References to user code as used herein may refer toany program code (e.g., a program, routine, subroutine, thread, etc.)written in a specific program language. In the present disclosure, theterms “code,” “user code,” and “program code,” may be usedinterchangeably. Such user code may be executed to achieve a specificfunction, for example, in connection with a particular web applicationor mobile application developed by the user. Specific executions of thatcode are referred to herein as “task executions” or simply “executions.”Tasks may be written, by way of non-limiting example, in JavaScript(e.g., node.js), Java, Python, and/or Ruby (and/or another programminglanguage). Tasks may be “triggered” for execution on the on-demand codeexecution system 150 or a coordinator 114 in a variety of manners. Inone embodiment, a client device 102 or other computing device maytransmit a request to execute a task may, which can generally bereferred to as “call” to execute of the task. Such calls may include theuser code (or the location thereof) to be executed and one or morearguments to be used for executing the user code. For example, a callmay provide the user code of a task along with the request to executethe task. In another example, a call may identify a previously uploadedtask by its name or an identifier. In yet another example, codecorresponding to a task may be included in a call for the task, as wellas being uploaded in a separate location (e.g., storage of a coordinator114, an network-accessible storage service, or the task data store 154)prior to the request being received by the coordinator 114 or theon-demand code execution system 150. A request interface of thecoordinator 114 or the on-demand code execution system 150 may receivecalls to execute tasks as Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)requests from a user. Also, any information (e.g., headers andparameters) included in the HTTPS request may also be processed andutilized when executing a task. As discussed above, any other protocols,including, for example, HTTP, MQTT, and CoAP, may be used to transferthe message containing a task call to the request interface 122.

A call to execute a task may specify one or more third-party libraries(including native libraries) to be used along with the user codecorresponding to the task. In one embodiment, the call may provide to acoordinator 114 or the on-demand code execution system 150 a ZIP filecontaining the user code and any libraries (and/or identifications ofstorage locations thereof) corresponding to the task requested forexecution. In some embodiments, the call includes metadata thatindicates the program code of the task to be executed, the language inwhich the program code is written, the user associated with the call,and/or the computing resources (e.g., memory, etc.) to be reserved forexecuting the program code. For example, the program code of a task maybe provided with the call, previously uploaded by the user, provided bythe coordinator 114 or the on-demand code execution system 150 (e.g.,standard routines), and/or provided by third parties. In someembodiments, such resource-level constraints (e.g., how much memory isto be allocated for executing a particular user code) are specified forthe particular task, and may not vary over each execution of the task.In such cases, the coordinator 140 or the on-demand code executionsystem 150 may have access to such resource-level constraints beforeeach individual call is received, and the individual call may notspecify such resource-level constraints. In some embodiments, the callmay specify other constraints such as permission data that indicateswhat kind of permissions or authorities that the call invokes to executethe task. Such permission data may be used by the on-demand codeexecution system 110 to access private resources (e.g., on a privatenetwork).

In some embodiments, a call may specify the behavior that should beadopted for handling the call. In such embodiments, the call may includean indicator for enabling one or more execution modes in which toexecute the task referenced in the call. For example, the call mayinclude a flag or a header for indicating whether the task should beexecuted in a debug mode in which the debugging and/or logging outputthat may be generated in connection with the execution of the task isprovided back to the user (e.g., via a console user interface). In suchan example, the coordinator 114 or the on-demand code execution system150 may inspect the call and look for the flag or the header, and if itis present, the coordinator 114 or the on-demand code execution system150 may modify the behavior (e.g., logging facilities) of the executionenvironment in which the task is executed, and cause the output data tobe provided back to the user. In some embodiments, the behavior/modeindicators are added to the call by the user interface provided to theuser by the coordinator 114 or the on-demand code execution system 150.Other features such as source code profiling, remote debugging, etc. mayalso be enabled or disabled based on the indication provided in a call.

The service provider environment 120 is depicted in FIG. 1 as operatingin a distributed computing environment including several computersystems that are interconnected using one or more computer networks (notshown in FIG. 1). The service provider environment 120 could alsooperate within a computing environment having a fewer or greater numberof devices than are illustrated in FIG. 1. Thus, the depiction of theservice provider environment 120 in FIG. 1 should be taken asillustrative and not limiting to the present disclosure. For example,the service provider environment 120 or various constituents thereofcould implement various Web services components, hosted or “cloud”computing environments, and/or peer to peer network configurations toimplement at least a portion of the processes described herein.

Further, the service provider environment 120 may be implementeddirectly in hardware or software executed by hardware devices and may,for instance, include one or more physical or virtual serversimplemented on physical computer hardware configured to execute computerexecutable instructions for performing various features that will bedescribed herein. The one or more servers may be geographicallydispersed or geographically co-located, for instance, in one or moredata centers. In some instances, the one or more servers may operate aspart of a system of rapidly provisioned and released computingresources, often referred to as a “cloud computing environment.”

FIG. 2 depicts a general architecture of a computing system (referencedas coordinator 114) that manages coordinated devices 112 within a givencoordinated environment 110. The general architecture of the workermanager 140 depicted in FIG. 2 includes an arrangement of computerhardware and software modules that may be used to implement aspects ofthe present disclosure. The hardware modules may be implemented withphysical electronic devices, as discussed in greater detail below. Thecoordinator 114 may include many more (or fewer) elements than thoseshown in FIG. 2. It is not necessary, however, that all of thesegenerally conventional elements be shown in order to provide an enablingdisclosure. Additionally, the general architecture illustrated in FIG. 2may be used to implement one or more of the other components illustratedin FIG. 1. As illustrated, the coordinator 114 includes a processingunit 204, a network interface 206, a computer readable medium drive 207,and an input/output device interface 208, all of which may communicatewith one another by way of a communication bus. The network interface206 may provide connectivity to one or more networks or computingsystems. The processing unit 204 may thus receive information andinstructions from other computing systems or services via the network104. The processing unit 204 may also communicate to and from memory 250and further provide output information for an optional display (notshown) via the input/output device interface 208. The input/outputdevice interface 208 may also accept input from an optional input device(not shown).

The memory 250 may contain computer program instructions (grouped asmodules in some embodiments) that the processing unit 204 executes inorder to implement one or more aspects of the present disclosure. Thememory 250 generally includes random access memory (RAM), read onlymemory (ROM) and/or other persistent, auxiliary or non-transitorycomputer readable media. The memory 250 may store an operating system252 that provides computer program instructions for use by theprocessing unit 204 in the general administration and operation of thecoordinator 114. The memory 250 may further include computer programinstructions and other information for implementing aspects of thepresent disclosure. For example, in one embodiment, the memory 250includes a process manager 254, a scheduler 256, a deployment agent 258,and a communication manager 260.

The scheduler 256 and deployment agent 258 may be executed by theprocessing unit 204 to select tasks for execution by the processing unit204, and to manage such task executions. Specifically, the scheduler 256may include instructions to select a tasks for execution at given pointsin time and to suspend execution of tasks (e.g., under instances ofconstrained resources at the coordinator 114). The deployment agent 258may include instructions to select an appropriate execution environment270 in which to execute a task, to provision that execution environment270 with appropriate access to resources needed during the taskexecution, and to cause execution of the task within the executionenvironment 270. An execution environment 270, as used herein, refers toa logical portion of memory 250 in which to execute a task. In oneembodiment, execution environments 270 are programmatically separated,such that execution of code in a first execution environment 270 isprohibited from modifying memory associated with another executionenvironment 270. Illustratively, an execution environment 270 maycorrespond to a “container,” operating-system-level virtualizationenvironment, or “sand box” environment, such as a “chroot jail” or aPython virtual environment “virtualenv.” In other instances, anexecution environment 270 may correspond to a virtual machineenvironment (e.g., a JAVA virtual machine, a virtualized hardware devicewith distinct operating system, etc.). In still other instances, anexecution environment 270 may be a memory space allocated to anexecution of a task, without necessarily utilizing virtualization.

Communications between tasks executing on the coordinator, as well asbetween the coordinator 114 and other devices (e.g., client devices 102and coordinated devices 112) may be facilitated by the communicationmanager 260. Specifically, the communication manager 260 may beconfigured to obtain messages directed to the coordinator 114 andforward the message to the appropriate destination. For example, thecommunication manager 260 may route messages between any combination oftasks, coordinated devices 112, client devices 102, and devices of theservice provider execution environment 120.

To enable gathering of information regarding operation of thecoordinator 114, the memory 250 further includes a metrics and loggingagent 259, corresponding to code executable by the coordinator 114 tomonitor operation of the coordinator 114, such as how tasks are executedat the coordinator 114, and to report information regarding suchoperation. The information may include, for example, execution times oftasks on the coordinator 114, as well as information regarding suchexecutions (e.g., compute resources used, whether the execution resultedin an error, etc.). In some instances, the metrics and logging agent 259may store this information locally, such as in the memory 250, to enablea user to obtain the information. In other instances, the metrics andlogging agent 259 agent may store the information remotely, such as atthe service provider environment 150. The metrics and logging agent 259may also implement additional functionality with respect to monitoringoperation of the coordinator 114, such as transmitting health check datafrom the coordinator 114 to the service provider environment 150.

Tasks executed by the coordinator 114 are shown as logically groupedwithin the tasks memory space 280, which may correspond to a logicalunit of memory 250 configured to store the code corresponding to eachtask. As shown in FIG. 2, the tasks memory space 280 can include anumber of tasks executable by the processing unit 204 to implementfunctionalities of the coordinator 114, including a router task 282, oneor more communication manager tasks 286, a shadow service task 288, andone or more client-provided tasks 290.

The router task 282 may correspond to a portion of code executable toassist in the routing of messages within, to, and from the coordinator114. In one embodiment, the router task 282 implements an “event flowtable” to determine appropriate destinations for a message or otherindications of events received at the coordinator 114. For example, thecommunication manager 260 may forward messages obtained at thecoordinator 114 (e.g., due to generation by a task execution orreception at the input/output interface 208) to the router task 282,which may utilize the event flow table to determine that messagesaddressed to a certain identifier should be routed to a given task, agiven client device 102, or a given coordinated device 102. In someinstances, the event flow table may further be utilized to specify amanner of handling messages of a give type. For example, the event flowtable may specify that messages or event data originating at a certaintask or coordinated device 112 should be transmitted to another task orcoordinated device 112, logged at the coordinator 114, disallowed,result in a new execution of a task, etc. The event flow table mayfurther indicate that a message meeting specified criteria (e.g.,addressed to a given identifier, including a specific flag, etc.) shouldbe transmitted to the service provider environment 120 (e.g., to thedevice shadow service 140 or the on-demand code execution system 150).In one embodiment, the event flow table may utilize “topics” asidentifiers, such that messages associated with a particular topic aretransmitted according to a routing specified for that topic. The eventflow table may further include information for how to route messagesbased on a source of those messages. For example, a message addressed toa given topic may be routed differently, based on whether the message isreceived from a first task, a second task, a first coordinated device112, etc. By utilization of a event flow table, router task 282 canenable messages to be handled in different manners, without a change inthe operation of a sender of such a message (e.g., without rewritingcode for a task that generated the message, without modifying thesoftware of a coordinated device 112 that generated the message, etc.).

The communication manager tasks 286 may enable communications betweenthe coordinator 114 and a number of different external devices (e.g.,coordinated devices 102) according to a protocol of such communications.For example, a first communication manager task 286 may be configured tomanage communications using a BLUETOOTH™ protocol, a secondcommunication manager may be configured to manage communications usingan HTTP protocol, etc. In some instances, multiple communication managertasks 286 may work collectively to implement communications. Forexample, a first communication manager task 286 may enablecommunications via the TCP protocol, while a second communicationmanager task 286 may enable communications via the MQTT protocol (whichutilizes the TCP protocol and thus may utilize the a first communicationmanager task 286). Because different communication manager tasks 286 canvary the ability of the coordinator 114 to communicate via differentprotocols, and because the tasks of the coordinator 114 may be alteredvia reconfiguration of the coordinator 114, the coordinator 114 can berapidly reconfigured to utilize a variety of different communicationprotocols.

The shadow service task 288 can facilitate management and interactionwith device shadows maintained at the coordinator 114. Illustratively,the shadow service task 288 can implement functionality similar to thatprovided by the device shadow service 140 locally to the coordinator114. Accordingly, the shadow service task 288 can maintain a shadowstate (data representing a desired state) of a coordinated device 112,and allow for reading to or writing to such data. The shadow servicetask 288 can further enable synchronization of a coordinated device 112with the device shadow for that device. Accordingly, by modifying adevice shadow for a coordinated device 112, the state of the coordinateddevice 112 can be altered. By reading the device shadow for thecoordinated device 112, the state of the coordinated device 112 can bedetermined. In some instances, the shadow service task 288 may furthercoordinate with another device shadow for a given device, such as adevice shadow maintained by the device shadow service 140. For example,the shadow service task 288 may synchronize a local device shadow with adevice shadow stored at the device shadow service 140, resolve conflictsbetween the local device shadow and the device shadow stored at thedevice shadow service 140, etc.

In addition to the tasks described above (each of which mayillustratively be provided by an entity associated with the serviceprovider environment 120), the tasks memory space 280 may include anynumber of client-provided tasks 290, which may correspond to executablecode generated by a client device 102 and submitted to the serviceprovider environment 120 for deployment to a coordinator 114. As such,functionalities provided by the client-provided tasks 290 may varyaccording to the desires of a submitting user. In some instances, theclient-provided tasks 290 may be written in a coding language for whichthe memory 250 includes a language runtime. For example, where thecoordinator 114 supports language such as node.js, Go, JAVA, and Python,the client-provided tasks 290 may include executable code written in anyof those languages.

In addition, the memory 250 includes a configuration data portion 272,representing a logical portion of the memory 250 in which configurationdata of the coordinator 114 is stored. The configuration data mayinclude, for example, a current deployment version of the coordinator114, data stored by the tasks of the task memory space 280, or otherdata used in the operation of the coordinator 114.

To enable configuration (and reconfiguration) of the coordinator 114,the memory 250 further includes a deployment agent 258. The deploymentagent 258 can correspond to code executable to register a coordinatorwith the service provider environment 120, to determine a desiredconfiguration of the coordinator 114, and in instances where a currentconfiguration of the coordinator 114 does not match a desiredconfiguration, to obtain configuration data for the coordinator 114 andmodify the memory 250 to implement the desired configuration. Furtherdetails regarding operation of the deployment agent 258 are describedbelow with respect to FIGS. 5 and 6.

FIG. 3A depicts one embodiment of an architecture of an illustrativecoordinated device 112A in accordance with the present application. Thegeneral architecture of the coordinated device 112A depicted in FIG. 3Aincludes an arrangement of computer hardware and software componentsthat may be used to implement aspects of the present disclosure. Asillustrated, the coordinated device 112A includes a processing unit 304,a network interface 306, a computer readable medium drive 307, aninput/output device interface 320, an optional display 302, and an inputdevice 324, all of which may communicate with one another by way of acommunication bus. Illustratively, the coordinated device 112A may havemore limited functionality and components, such as inputs or outputs, asembedded devices.

The network interface 306 may provide connectivity to one or morenetworks or computing systems, such as the network 104 of FIG. 1. Theprocessing unit 304 may thus receive information and instructions fromother computing systems or services via a network. The processing unit304 may also communicate to and from memory 310 and further provideoutput information for an optional display 302 via the input/outputdevice interface 320. The input/output device interface 320 may alsoaccept input from the optional input device 324, such as a keyboard,mouse, digital pen, etc. In some embodiments, the coordinated device112A may include more (or fewer) components than those shown in FIG. 3A.For example, some embodiments of the coordinated device 112 may omit thedisplay 302 and input device 324, while providing input/outputcapabilities through one or more alternative communication channel(e.g., via the network interface 306). Additionally, the coordinateddevice 112A may omit the input and output interface 320 altogether aswell.

The memory 310 may include computer program instructions that theprocessing unit 204 executes in order to implement one or moreembodiments. The memory 310 generally includes RAM, ROM or otherpersistent or non-transitory memory. The memory 310 may store anoperating system 314 that provides computer program instructions for useby the processing unit 304 in the general administration and operationof the coordinated device 112A. The memory 310 may further includecomputer program instructions and other information for implementingaspects of the present disclosure. For example, in one embodiment, thememory 310 includes a browser application 316 for accessing content.Illustratively, the browser application 316 may encompass a fullsoftware browser application, portions of a browser application orsimply be a software application (or executable instructions) thatprovide for data connectivity.

FIG. 3B depicts one embodiment of an alternative architecture of anillustrative coordinated device 112B in accordance with the presentapplication. The general architecture of the coordinated device 112Bdepicted in FIG. 3B includes an arrangement of computer hardware andsoftware components that may be used to implement aspects of the presentdisclosure. However, coordinated device 112B may be associated with areduced of components that may limit the computing functionality andoperation of the coordinated device 112B. As illustrated, thecoordinated device 112B includes a processing unit 350 and a networkinterface 352 that communicate with a communication bus. Unlikecoordinated device 112BA of FIG. 3A, the coordinated device 112B may nothave a computer readable medium drive, an input/output device interface,an optional display, or an input device.

The network interface 352 may provide connectivity to one or morenetworks or computing systems, such as the network 104 of FIG. 1. Theprocessing unit 350 may thus receive information and instructions fromother computing systems or services via a network. The memory 354 mayinclude computer program instructions that the processing unit 350executes in order to implement one or more embodiments. The memory 354generally includes RAM, ROM or other persistent or non-transitorymemory. In this embodiment, the memory 354 may store necessarily store afull operating system that provides computer program instructions foruse by the processing unit 350 in the general administration andoperation of the coordinated device 112B. Rather, in one embodiment, thememory 354 includes an interface software component 356 for accessingreceiving and processing instructions.

FIG. 4 depicts one embodiment of an architecture of an illustrativeclient device 102 in accordance with the present application. Thegeneral architecture of the client device 102 depicted in FIG. 4includes an arrangement of computer hardware and software componentsthat may be used to implement aspects of the present disclosure. Asillustrated, the client device 102 includes a processing unit 404, anetwork interface 406, a computer readable medium drive 407, aninput/output device interface 420, an optional display 402, and an inputdevice 424, all of which may communicate with one another by way of acommunication bus.

The network interface 406 may provide connectivity to one or morenetworks or computing systems, such as the network 104 of FIG. 1. Theprocessing unit 404 may thus receive information and instructions fromother computing systems or services via a network. The processing unit404 may also communicate to and from memory 410 and further provideoutput information for an optional display 402 via the input/outputdevice interface 420. The input/output device interface 420 may alsoaccept input from the optional input device 424, such as a keyboard,mouse, digital pen, etc. In some embodiments, the client device 102 mayinclude more (or fewer) components than those shown in FIG. 4. Forexample, some embodiments of the coordinated device 112 may omit thedisplay 402 and input device 424, while providing input/outputcapabilities through one or more alternative communication channel(e.g., via the network interface 406). Additionally, the client device102 may omit the input and output interface 420 altogether as well.

The memory 410 may include computer program instructions that theprocessing unit 204 executes in order to implement one or moreembodiments. The memory 410 generally includes RAM, ROM or otherpersistent or non-transitory memory. The memory 410 may store anoperating system 414 that provides computer program instructions for useby the processing unit 404 in the general administration and operationof the client device 102. The memory 410 may further include computerprogram instructions and other information for implementing aspects ofthe present disclosure. For example, in one embodiment, the memory 410includes a browser application 416 for accessing content.Illustratively, the browser application 416 may encompass a fullsoftware browser application, portions of a browser application orsimply be a software application (or executable instructions) thatprovide for data connectivity.

With reference to FIG. 5, illustrative interactions are depicted forregistering a coordinator 114 with the device shadow service 130 inorder to enable deployment of configurations to the coordinator 114, andfor submission of such a configuration via a client device 102A. Theinteractions of FIG. 5 begin at (1), where a coordinator submits aregistration notification to the device shadow service 130, as well as arequest to subscribe to a device shadow for the coordinator 114.Illustratively, interaction (1) may be implemented as part of aregistration routine for the coordinator 114, whereby a user utilizesinputs of the coordinator 114 (e.g., a registration button, a screen, akeyboard/mouse, etc.) to register the coordinator 114 with an account ofthe user on the device shadow service 150. As will be described below,the device shadow service 150 may thereafter notify the coordinator 114of changes to a device shadow maintained by the device shadow service130, such that a configuration of the coordinator 114 can be modified bycorresponding modification to the device shadow for the coordinator 114.

At (2), the device shadow service 130 generates a device shadow for thecoordinator 114, if such a shadow does not already exist.Illustratively, the device shadow may include a configuration versionfor the coordinator 114, such as the current configuration version ofthe coordinator 114 as of the time of registration.

At (3), a client device 102A, under the control of a user alsoassociated with the coordinator 114, generates a configuration for thecoordinator 114. In some instances, the configuration may be generatedentirely on the client device 102A, by use of software executing on theclient device 102A (e.g., a text editor, a specialized applicationprovided by the service provider environment 150, etc.). In otherinstances, the configuration may be generated via interactions betweenthe client device 102A and the management and deployment service 130,such as via a network display page viewed on a browser application ofthe client device 102A.

An illustrative table of the contents of a configuration is shown inFIG. 5 as table 502. As shown in the table 502, the configuration mayinclude an environment identifier (e.g., an identifier of a coordinatedenvironment 110 in which the coordinator 114 is intended to operate), acoordinator identifier (e.g., an identifier of the coordinator 114, suchas a serial number), a device list (a list of coordinated devices 112 tobe managed by the coordinator 114, including identifying information,such as serial numbers, of the devices 112), a shadow list (a list ofdevice shadows associated with the coordinated devices 112 of the devicelist), a task list (a list of tasks to be deployed to the coordinator114), routing information (an event flow table for use by a router taskof the coordinator 114), logging and metric information (a list ofmetrics and logging parameters for logging information regardingoperation of the coordinator 114), and security information (such assecurity certificates to be used by the coordinator in securingcommunications with the service provider environment 150 or within thecoordinated environment 110). In some instances, each value of theconfiguration may be manually specified by a user of the client device102A. For example, a user may specify a number of client-provided tasksto be included within a coordinator 114, and a number of devices 112 tobe managed by the coordinator 114. In other instances, one or morevalues may be automatically specified via software of the client device102A or the management and deployment service 130. For example, themanagement and deployment service 130 may automatically provide thecoordinator identifier or shadow list to be included within theconfiguration.

At (4), the configuration is submitted to the management and deploymentservice 130. Illustratively, submission may occur via transmission ofthe configuration (e.g., via upload), via submission of anetwork-display page, or other transmission mechanism. At (5), themanagement and deployment service 130 generates a configuration packagefor the coordinator 114, based on the submitted configuration. Forexample, the management and deployment service 130 may generate a datafile (e.g., a ZIP file, an XML file, etc.) including the submittedconfiguration values for later transmission to the coordinator 114. Themanagement and deployment service 130 may further assign a versionidentifier to the configuration, to distinguish the configuration fromother configurations of the coordinator 114.

At (6), the management and deployment service 130 transmits a request tothe device shadow service 130 to update the device shadow for thecoordinator 114. For example, the management and deployment service 130may modify a configuration version of the device shadow for thecoordinator 114 to match the configuration version assigned to theconfiguration package generated at interaction (5).

Thereafter, at (7), the device shadow service 130 notifies thecoordinator 114 of a change to the device shadow for the coordinator114. In one embodiment, the notification may occur via the MQTTprotocol, as a notification that a message has been published to a topicassociated with coordinator (wherein the message may represent theupdated device shadow, and the topic may correspond to the deviceshadow). Thus, the coordinator 114 can be informed that a newconfiguration package exists to be implemented at the coordinator 114.

With reference to FIG. 6, illustrative interactions will be describedfor retrieval and implementation of a configuration package at acoordinator 114. The interactions of FIG. 6 may occur, for example,subsequent to the interactions of FIG. 5. In one embodiment, theinteractions of FIG. 6 are implemented via execution of a deploymentagent 258, as described in FIG. 2. The interactions begin at (1), wherethe coordinator 114 requests a configuration package from the managementand deployment service 130. Illustratively, the configuration packagemay be requested on the basis of a version identifier of the package, asindicated within a device shadow of the coordinator 114. An example ofthe information that may be included within a configuration package isdescribed above with reference to FIG. 5. At (2), the configurationpackage is returned from the management and deployment service 130 tothe coordinator 114.

At (3), the coordinator 114 inspects the configuration package todetermine one or more tasks referenced within the configuration package,which tasks may implement functionalities of the coordinator 114. Inaddition to determining tasks, the coordinator 114 may undertakeadditional actions with respect to the configuration package, such asverifying the validity of the configuration package (e.g., by verifyingchecksum data, a digital signature, etc.).

At (4), the coordinator 114 retrieves the tasks referenced within theconfiguration package from the on-demand code execution environment 150.Illustratively, the coordinator 114 may utilizes identifiers of eachtask to request that code corresponding to the task, and any otherinformation (such as metadata) regarding the task, be transmitted to thecoordinator 114. The requested tasks may include those described abovewith reference to FIG. 2, and may include, for example, a router task282, communication manager tasks 286, a shadow service task 288, andclient-provided tasks 290. The requested tasks are returned to thecoordinator 114 at (5). The coordinator 114 may illustratively verifythe integrity and validity of the tasks on reception, such as byvalidating a checksum or digital signature of the tasks.

At (6), the coordinator 114 updates itself with the newly obtainedconfiguration. Illustratively, the coordinator 114 may update a set ofconfiguration data, such as a list of coordinated devices 112, withinits memory. The coordinator 114 may further replace a current set oftasks with newly obtained tasks, as referenced in the new configurationinformation. In one embodiment, the coordinator 114 may perform areboot, and the deployment agent 258 may replace references to priortasks with the newly obtained tasks. In another embodiment, thecoordinator 114 may replace tasks without performing a reboot. Forexample, the coordinator 114 may utilize the newly obtained tasks tosatisfy newly received task calls, and halt any old tasks in times whenthose tasks are not used or lightly used, while replacing the old tasksas necessary with the newly obtained tasks. Thus, the coordinator can beconfigured with new functionality according to the newly obtained tasks.

With reference to FIG. 7, illustrative interactions for utilizing acoordinator 114 to modify a state of a coordinated device 112 will bedescribed. The interactions begin at (1), where a coordinated device 112transmits a registration to the coordinator 114, and a request tosubscribe to a device shadow for the coordinated device 112. Interaction(1) may occur, for example, as part of a registration routineimplemented by the coordinated device 112, as initialed by a user (e.g.,via utilization of a user interface of the coordinated device 112).

At (2), the coordinator 114 generates a device shadow for thecoordinated device 112, representing a desired state of the coordinateddevice 112. Illustratively, the device shadow may initially represent acurrent state of the coordinated device 112, as of the time ofregistration.

At (3), a client device 102A, which may be operating within thecoordinated environment 110 (e.g., by virtue of connection to a LAN ofthe coordinated environment 110) submits a request to the coordinator114 to modify the device shadow to match a desired device state. Therequest may be submitted, for example, via an application executing onthe client device 102A (e.g., a browser), and transmitted to thecoordinator 114 via any number of protocols supported by the coordinator114. At (3), the coordinator 114 obtains the request, and updates adevice shadow for the coordinated device 112 to match the requestedchange in device state.

At (4), the coordinator 114 notifies the coordinated device 112 of achange to a corresponding device shadow. Illustratively, the coordinator114 may transmit a notification to the coordinated device 112 via theMQTT protocol that a new message (the contents of the device shadow) hasbeen posted to a topic subscribed to by the coordinated device 112 (anidentifier of the device shadow).

At (5), the coordinated device 112 updates its current state to matchthe updated device shadow. For example, where the coordinated device 112is a switch or light bulb, the coordinated device 112 may turn on or offto match a desired state. Thus, by use of a device shadow, thecoordinator 114 may facilitate a change to the operation of thecoordinated device 112.

With reference to FIG. 8, illustrative interactions for processing acall to execute a task on a coordinator 114 will be described.Specifically, the interactions of FIG. 8 may be undertaken by ascheduler 256 of a coordinator 114, which enqueues calls to executetasks within a work item queue, and selects work items from the queuefor processing based on a state of compute resources of the coordinator114, as obtained from a resource manager 254.

The interactions of FIG. 8 begin at (1), where a scheduler 256 obtains acall to execute a task, designated in FIG. 8 as a “Task A.” The call mayinclude, for example, identifying information of the task (e.g., aglobally unique identifier for the task), as well as parameters to whichto pass the task or other information regarding execution of the task(e.g., flags specifying execution parameters for the task). In someinstances, the call may be obtained directly at the scheduler 256 fromanother process or entity that generated the call. For example, anotherprocess or entity may invoke a function of an API provided by thescheduler for calling a task. In other instances, the call may beobtained via a communication manager, such as communication manager 260of FIG. 2, which may function to obtain calls in a first format (e.g.,HTTP) and to pass the call to the scheduler 256.

On receiving the call, the scheduler 256 enqueues the call within a workitem queue, graphically depicted as work item queue 802, at (2). Thework item queue 802 depicted in FIG. 8 has been simplified forillustrative purposes of description, and thus includes only the call to“Task A” described above. However, a practical implementation mayinclude any number of work items, stemming from any number of calls toexecute a task.

At (3), the scheduler 256 transmits a request to the resource manager254 for information regarding the availability of compute resources atthe coordinator 114, such as the amount of available memory, processorcycles, network bandwidth, etc., is available at the coordinator 114 (oris available for the purposes of executing tasks). The resource manager254 may determine that information at (4), and return the requestedinformation to the scheduler 256, at (5). In some instances, theresource manager 254 may gather the information directly, such as byquerying an operating system of the coordinator for available computeresources. In other instances, the resource manager 254 may inferavailable compute resources based on a set of currently implementedexecution environments. Illustratively, the resource manager 254 may beconfigured to maintain a set of execution environments, graphicallydepicted in FIG. 8 as execution environments 810. Each executionenvironment may be assigned as an environment for execution of acorresponding task. For example, the coordinator 114 may be currentexecution a router task within a router task environment 812 and ashadow service task within a shadow service environment 814. As with thework item queue 802, the graphical depiction of execution environments810 has been simplified for illustrative purposes of description, and apractical implementation may include any number of executionenvironments associated with any number of tasks. The resource manager254 may be configured to allocate a set amount of compute resources tothe execution environments 810, and to allocate a portion of that amountof computer resources to each execution environment (which portion mayin some instances vary across the execution environments). For example,the router task environment 812 may be allocated one gigabyte of RAM and10 percent of processor cycles, while the shadow service taskenvironment 814 may be allocated two gigabytes of RAM and 5 percent ofprocessor cycles. The types and amounts of compute resources allocatedmay vary across embodiments. By subtracting the compute resourcesallocated to current execution environments from the total resourcesallocated across execution environments 810, the resource manager 254may determine an availability of compute resources, and return thatinformation to the scheduler 256, at (5). In some instances, theresource manager 254 may return additional information, such as acurrent state of execution environments 810 and whether a task isactively executing in each execution environment. As will be describedbelow, this additional information may be utilized by the scheduler inprocessing the work item queue 802.

At (6), the scheduler 256 processes the work item queue 802 to determinewhat work items, if any, to dequeue and process. The scheduler 256 mayutilize any number of scheduling algorithms in processing the work itemqueue 802, and may utilize a number of inputs in conducting thescheduling algorithm. For example, the scheduler 256 may utilize apriority of each work item in the work item queue 802 and a priority ofthe currently executing tasks, associated with execution environments810. These priorities may be established, for example, by a caller to atask, an author of the task, or an administrator of the coordinator 114.As a further example, the scheduler 256 may utilize an availability ofcompute resources to determine what work items to dequeue, as well as anestimated usage of compute resources to process a queued work item(e.g., an estimated usage of compute resources to dequeue the item,allocate an execution environment to a task called via the work item,and execute the task within the execution environment). The estimatedusage of compute resources to process a queued work item may beestablished, for example, by a caller to a task, an author of the task,or an administrator of the coordinator 114. In some instances, theestimated usage of compute resources to process a queued work item maybe established automatically, such as via static or dynamic analysis ofcode corresponding to the work item, a review of historical computeresource usage to dequeue the same or similar work items, etc. In someinstances, the scheduler 256 may utilize additional inputs, such aswhether a task corresponding to a work item is currently executing onthe coordinator. For example, the scheduler 256 may be configured toallow only a set number (e.g., one) of concurrent executions of a giventask, and may therefore decline to process work items corresponding to atask if an execution of the task is currently active within theexecution environments 810. Thus, by implementation of a schedulingalgorithm, the scheduler 256 may obtain calls to execute tasks andutilize information regarding a state of the coordinator 114 to selectan order and timing in which to process such calls. The scheduler 256can therefore enable orderly processing of calls to execute tasks, evenwhen the number of calls received would otherwise overwhelm the computeresources of the coordinator 114.

The interactions of FIG. 8 are described with reference to a singleresource manager 254 associated with execution environment 810 of acoordinator 114. In some embodiments, the scheduler 256 may interactwith multiple resource managers 254 to determine an availability ofcompute resources from which to process calls on the work item queue802, or a single resource manager 254 may operate to monitor resourceavailability between multiple devices (e.g., a coordinator 114 and oneor more coordinated devices 112). Illustratively, one or morecoordinated devices 112 may be configured to execute tasks, and mayprovide resource managers 254 (or utilize a remote resource manager 254,such as that provided by a coordinator 114) to monitor an availabilityof compute resources on the coordinated device 112 and report thatavailability to the scheduler 256. The scheduler 256 may then determinewhether execution of a task on a coordinated device 112 would beappropriate. In some instances, the scheduler 256 may be configured toselect between multiple potential locations for an execution environmentin which to execute a task (e.g., on the coordinator 114 or one acoordinated device 112). Illustratively, the coordinator 114 may utilizea modified scheduling algorithm to distribute tasks for execution onmultiple devices, which may vary, for example, based on the ability of adevice to execute the task (e.g., according to the hardware of thedevice, the availability of compute resources, etc.). In some instances,multiple coordinators 114 (either in the same coordinated environment110 or across difference environments 110) may operate collectively toexecute tasks, according to a distributed computing algorithm. Forexample, schedulers 256 across multiple coordinators 114 may communicatethe discover devices with excess compute capacity, and to distributequeued work items to such devices. Accordingly, the illustrative exampleof FIG. 8 (including a single scheduler 256 and resource manager 254) isintended to be illustrative in nature.

With reference to FIG. 9, illustrative interactions for selecting a workitem from a work item queue and executing a task corresponding to thework item will be described. The interactions of FIG. 9 may take place,for example, subsequent to the interactions of FIG. 8. Theseinteractions begin at (1), where the scheduler 256 selects a work itemfrom the work item queue 802 for processing. Interaction (1) may occur,for example, according to a scheduling algorithm implemented by thescheduler 256, as discussed above with respect to FIG. 9. For thepurposes of illustration with respect to FIG. 9, it will be assumed thatthe scheduler 256 has selected a call to “Task A” from the work itemqueue 802 for processing. It will further be assumed that sufficientcompute resources exist at the coordinator 114 to process a call to TaskA.

At (2), the scheduler 256 transmits a request to the resource manager254 to generate an execution environment associated with Task A. For thepurposes of description of FIG. 9, it will be assumed that no currentexecution environment exists associated with Task A. Thus, the resourcemanager 254, at (3), determines a set of resources required for anexecution environment associated with Task A. The resources may include,for example, a portion of compute resources, such as processoravailability and memory. The resources may further include dataresources, such as runtime 818 or drivers and utilities 820 required toexecute Task A. Illustratively, where Task A corresponds to code writtenin a given programming language (e.g., Python, GO, Java, Javascript,etc.), the resources manager 254 may determine that execution of Task Arequires access to a runtime corresponding to that programming language.Where Task A corresponds to code to interact with or manage a physicalperipheral to the coordinator 114 (such as a specialized input/outputdevice), the resource manager 254 may determine that execution of Task Arequires access to a library, driver, or utility associated with thatphysical peripheral. In one embodiment, runtimes, drivers, utilities, orother dependencies may be stored within data for a task itself (e.g.,within an data image of a container for the task). Thus, provisioning ofan execution environment 810 with the data of a task may be sufficientto provide the task with all required dependencies. However, suchinclusion of dependencies within the data for an individual task may beinefficient where multiple tasks share dependencies (e.g., wheremultiple tasks utilize the same driver, library, runtime, etc.). Thismay be especially problematic when the coordinator 114 has limited datastorage comparative to the number of tasks desired to be executed on thecoordinator 114. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the runtimes 818 anddrivers and utilities 820 on a coordinator 114 may be stored in memoryof the coordinator that is distinct from the execution environments 810.To enable access to the runtimes 818 and drivers and utilities 820 (orother dependencies), the resource manager 254 may provide an executionenvironment for a given task with access to those runtimes 818 anddrivers and utilities 820 (or other dependencies), as separately stored.To maintain security between different execution environments, suchaccess outside of the execution environment may be limited (e.g.,read-only). For example, where the resource manager 254 utilizes acontainer as an execution environment, the container may be providedwith a read-only mount point or a access-restricted symbolic link to alocation of a required dependency on the coordinators 114. Multipleexecution environments may thus share access to a given dependency, andthe total data storage usage of a coordinator 114 can be reducedrelative to separate and duplicative storage of dependencies.

In some instances, multiple execution environments may be enabled toshare read-only access to a given dependency, while maintaining anability to make localized modifications to that dependency. For example,a coordinator 114 may in some instances utilize union mounting (or aunion filesystem) to provide read-only access to a common memory space(e.g., an underlying file system of the coordinator 114) and read/writeaccess to a localized memory space (e.g., a portion of an executionenvironment or other storage space associated with a task), and topresent a combined view (a “union mount”) of the common memory space andlocalized memory to an execution environment. Specifically, thelocalized memory space may be utilized as an “upper” filesystem and thecommon memory space may be utilized as a “lower” filesystem. As such,writes to the union mount may occur with respect to the “upper”localized memory space, and reads from the union mount occur from the“upper” localized memory space if the requested file exists in suchmemory space, or from the “lower” common memory space if the requestedfile does not exist in the localized memory space. The union mount mayprovide an apparent ability to delete data in the “lower” common memoryspace by writing whiteout data to the “upper” localized memory space,such that attempts to access the data from the union mount fail, but theunderlying data on the common memory space is not effective. In thismanner, multiple execution environments can be enabled to access acommon set of data (e.g., dependencies), while maintaining an apparentability to modify and delete that common set of data on a localizedbasis. In some instances, union mounts may be utilized to provide anapparent ability to write to all or substantially all storage space of acoordinator 114. For example, a union mount may utilize the rootdirectory as the lower common memory space. In other instances, unionmounts may be utilize to provide an apparent ability to write to lessthan all storage space of a coordinator 114, such as an apparent abilityto write to a subdirectory, or to all non-hidden files in a rootdirectory. Thus, the data that is provided to an execution environmentmay be modified in accordance with the requirements of that environment.

After determining the required dependencies for a task (in the exampleof FIG. 9, Task A), the resource manager 254, at (4), generates anexecution environment for the task. As noted above, such an executionenvironment a “container,” operating-system-level virtualizationenvironment, or “sand box” environment, such as a “chroot jail” or aPython virtual environment “virtualenv.” As noted above, the resourcemanager 254 may provision the execution environment with any dataresources required to execute the task, including code corresponding tothe task itself (e.g., as retrieved from data storage of the coordinator114 or external data storage), any runtimes 818 required by the task,and any drivers and utilities 820 required by the task. The generatedexecution environment is depicted in FIG. 9 as Task A environment 816.Thereafter, at (5), the resource manager 254 can notify the scheduler256 that an execution environment has been created, and identify theexecution environment (that is, Task A environment 816) to the scheduler256.

The scheduler 256, in turn, can utilize the identifying information forthe execution environment to call for execution of the task within theenvironment. Accordingly, in the interactions of FIG. 9, the scheduler256 can transmit a call to the Task A environment 816 to execute thetask according to the parameters included within the initial call to thetask (e.g., prior to the call being enqueued at the work item queue802). Thus, Task A can be executed at the coordinator 114 within anexecution environment 816, in order to carry out the functionality ofthe code corresponding to that task.

As noted above, in some embodiments, a scheduler 256 may communicatewith multiple resource managers 254 across different devices to processwork items of the queue 802, or a single resource manager 254 may beconfigured to manage execution environments 810 in multiple devices.Accordingly, the interactions of FIG. 9 may in some embodiments bemodified to address such configurations. For example, where thescheduler 256 interacts with multiple resource managers 254, thescheduler may be configured to select an appropriate resource manager254 from which to request an execution environment (e.g., according to ascheduling algorithm, as described above), and thereafter to interactwith the appropriate resource manager 254 to obtain executionenvironment information. As another example, where a scheduler 254interacts with a resource manager 254 that manages executionenvironments 810 in multiple devices, the resource manager 254 may beconfigured to generate an execution environment on an appropriate device(e.g., one selected according to the requirements of the task and theresources provided by the device), and return information identifyingthe execution environment. Accordingly, the interactions of FIG. 9 mayvary according to the configuration of a coordinated environment 110.

With reference to FIG. 10, an illustrative routine 1000 will bedescribed for processing a queue of work items, such as calls to executetasks on an on-demand code execution system. The routine 1000 may beimplemented, for example, by a scheduler 256 executing on a coordinator114, as shown in FIG. 2.

The routine 1000 begins at block 1002, where the scheduler 256 obtains aqueue of work items. Each work item may correspond, for example, to acall to execute a given task on the coordinator 114 (e.g., according toparameters designated in the call). Illustratively, the work item queuemay be maintained and managed by the scheduler 256, such that othertasks or software executing on the coordinator 114 may pass task callsto the coordinator to enqueue the task call as a work item on the workitem queue.

At block 1004, the scheduler 256 obtains compute availability for thecoordinator 114. Compute availability may include any metric regardingthe availability of a compute resource (processors, memory, bandwidth,etc.). In one embodiment, the compute availability is received directlyfrom an operating system of the coordinator 114. In another embodiment,the compute availability is received from an application executing onthe coordinator 114, such as a resource manager. Implementation of block1004 may also include obtaining other information regarding a state ofthe coordinator 114, such as the state of execution environments on thecoordinator 114, a set of tasks executing in those executionenvironments, etc.

At block 1006, the scheduler 256 applies a scheduling algorithm to thework item queue according to the determine compute resource availability(and potentially other inputs, such as the set of tasks executing inexecution environments) to determine one or more work items to dequeuerand process. As discussed above, any number of scheduling algorithms maybe used by the scheduler 256 in processing the queue, such as first in,first out scheduling, earliest deadline first scheduling, shortestremaining time scheduling, fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling, andround-robin scheduling, etc. In some instances, a scheduling algorithmmay also be based at least in part on a priority assigned to the task byan author of the task, by an administrator of the coordinator, by acalling entity, etc.

Implementation of the routine 1000 varies at block 1007 according towhether the scheduler 256 determines, according to an implementedscheduling algorithm, whether to dequeuer a work item from the work itemqueue, and execute a task corresponding to the work item. If thescheduler 256 determines that no work item should be dequeued (e.g.,because insufficient compute resources exist to execute a task called bythe work item, and a priority of the work item does not warrant haltingof any currently executing task in order to create more availablecompute resources), the routine 1000 returns to block 1004, as describedabove.

If the scheduler 256 determines that a work item should be dequeued, forexample because sufficient compute resources exist to execute a taskcalled by the work item or a priority of the work item warrants makingsuch resources available (e.g., by pausing a currently executingprocess), the routine 1000 continues to block 1008, where the scheduler256 obtains identifying information of an execution environment in whichto execute the task called by the work item. Illustratively, thescheduler 256 may obtain such identifying information by issuing arequest to a resource manager, which may identify (and potentiallygenerate) an execution environment allocated to execution of a giventask, and return identifying information of the execution environment tothe scheduler 256. One illustrative routine that may be implemented by aresource manager to identify and potentially generate an executionenvironment will be described with reference to FIG. 11, below.

At block 1010, the scheduler 256 passes the call to execute the taskcorresponding to the dequeued work item to the execution environmentidentified at block 1008. Illustratively, execution environment may (byvirtue of actions of a resource manager, for example) be provisionedwith code corresponding to the called task, as well as any dependenciesof such code. Thus, the scheduler 256 may make a call to the executionenvironment to execute the code, and pass the code any parametersassociated with the dequeued work item. Thus, the scheduler 256 maycause the work item to be processed from the queue.

The routine 100 then continues to block 1012, where implementation mayvary according to a state of the work item queue. For example, wheremore work items exist within the queue, the routine 1000 may return toblock 1004, as described above. Where no more work items exist withinthe queue, the routine 1000 may end at block 1014.

While one possible implementation of the routine 1000 is described forillustrative purposes, one skilled in the art will appreciate thatvariations on this routine 1000 are possible. For example, in someinstances the routine 1000 may be implemented as a continuous loop, suchthat it executes so long as the scheduler 256 is operating. As anotherexample, various portions of the routine may be run in whole or in partin parallel, or as multiple distinct routines. Illustratively, a firstroutine may operate to continuously obtain resource availability, whilea second routine applies a currently-known resource availability to thework item queue via a scheduling algorithm, and a third routineimplements dequeuing and processing of dequeued work items (e.g.,obtaining an execution environment and passing a call to such anenvironment). Thus, the blocks of routine 1000 are intended to beillustrative in nature.

With reference to FIG. 11, one illustrative routine 1100 will bedescribed for identifying and potentially creating an executionenvironment in which to execute a task. The routine 1100 may be carriedout, for example, by a resource manager 254 executed by a coordinator114.

The routine 1100 begins at block 1102, where the resource manager 254obtains a request for an execution environment in which to execute atask. The request may be obtained, for example, from a scheduler inaccordance with processing of a work item queue, such as is describedabove with reference to FIG. 10.

At block 1104, the resource manager 254 determines a set of resources tobe provisioned to the execution environment. The resources may include,for example, compute resources (e.g., processor usage, memory,bandwidth, etc.), as well as data resources, such as runtimes, drivers,libraries, or other dependencies. The set of resources may bedetermined, for example, based on information regarding the taskintended to execute in the execution environment. For example, theresource manager 254 may determine a set of resources required forexecution of the task (e.g., as defined by an author of the task, anadministrator of a coordinator, parameters of a call to execute thetask, etc.), and identify that set of resources as the resourcesrequired for the execution environment.

At block 1104, the resource manager 254 determines whether an existingexecution environment is available for utilization. In one embodiment,the resource manager 254 may utilize an existing execution environmentfor an execution of the task only when the environment has previouslybeen assigned to execution of that task. In another embodiment, theresource manager 254 may utilize an existing execution environment whenthe environment has previously been assigned to execution of a similartask (e.g., within a same category of tasks, such as security category),or when the environment has previously been provisioned with resourcesalso required to be determined in block 1104.

If an existing environment is available, the routine 1100 proceeds toblock 1106, where the resource manager 254 updates the existingexecution environment as necessary to prepare the environment for a newtask execution. Illustratively, where the resources required at block1104 do not match the resources currently provisioned to an executionenvironment, the resource manager 254 may provision the environment withthe additionally required resources (and potentially remove access tonon-required resources, such as unused drivers, utilities, libraries,etc.). The resource manager 254 may further refresh or “clean” theexecution environment, to ensure that changes to the executionenvironment during a prior task execution to not effect subsequentexecutions. For example, the resource manager 254 may clearenvironmental variables within the execution environment, or clean datacaches or temporary file directories associated with the executionenvironment. Thereafter, the routine 1100 proceeds to block 1114, whereidentifying information of the execution environment 114 (e.g., a name,locator, etc.) is returned in response to the request, such as to ascheduler. The routine 1100 then ends at block 1116.

Returning to block 1104, if an existing execution environment is notavailable, the routine 1100 proceeds to block 1108, where the resourcemanager 254 determines whether a reclamation of resources is required inorder to generate a new execution environment. Illustratively, where therequired computer resources determined at block 1104 exceed theavailable compute resources of a coordinator, the resource manager 254may determine that compute resources should be reclaimed by halting orpausing an existing execution environment. In such an instance, theroutine 1100 proceeds to block 1110, where the resource manager 254halts another active execution environment. For example, the resourcemanager 254 may pass a call or interrupt to a thread executing in theother active execution environment, indicating that the executionenvironment will be paused. Such a call or interrupt may cause thethread to save its state, such that the thread can be resumed at a laterpoint in time (e.g., when compute resource availability increases). Inother instances, the resource manager 254 may operate to save a state ofthe other execution environment. In one embodiment, the state of theother execution environment may be saved to a memory of a coordinator,such as by taking a snapshot image of the execution environment. Inanother embodiment, the state of the other execution environment may besaved via a device shadow. Illustratively, a task executing in the otherexecution environment may be considered a “device” by the coordinator,and be associated with a device shadow. A state of the other executionenvironment, such as the current value of variables within theenvironment and a location of execution, may be saved to the deviceshadow. Thus, a task executing in the other execution environment may beresumed by referencing the device shadow and saved values. The use ofdevice shadows is described in more detail in the '700 application,incorporated by reference above.

By halting another execution environment, the resource manager 254 mayreclaim compute resources for use by a newly generated executionenvironment. The routine 1110 then returns to block 1008, where it isdetermined whether additional resources should be reclaimed. The routine1100 may then continue to loop between blocks 1108 and 1110 until noadditional resources should be reclaimed (e.g., until sufficientresources exist to allocate to a new execution environment). The routine1100 then proceeds to block 1112.

At block 1112, the resource manager 254 generates a new executionenvironment based on the required resources, as determined at block1104. As noted above, execution environments can include any logicalportion of memory allocated to execution of a task, such as a“container,” operating-system-level virtualization environment, or “sandbox” environment, such as a “chroot jail” or a Python virtualenvironment “virtualenv.” Thus, at block 1104 the resource manager 254may generate such an execution environment by designating a portion ofmemory to execution of a task, and allocating that portion of memorywith the required resources. Illustratively, the resource manager 254may provision the execution environment with required data resources,such as by copying data resources into the execution environment ormodifying the execution environment such that it is provided access todata resources outside of the execution environment (e.g., by placing aread-only mount point within the execution environment pointing to anexternal data resource).

Thereafter, the routine 1110 proceeds to block 1114, where the resourcemanager 254 returns identifying information of the resource environmentto a requesting entity, such as the scheduler. The routine 1110 thenends at block 1116.

With reference to FIG. 12, a set of illustrative interactions will bedescribed for utilization of a communication manager 260 to enable afirst task execution on a coordinator 114 to call for a second taskexecution. The interactions may occur, for example, to enable anexecution first task to detect a state of a coordinated environment 110satisfies a given condition, and to call for execution of a second taskto take an action in response to that condition (e.g., to transmit amessage to a coordinated device 112, such as a light, to change state inresponse to detecting a time of day, departure of tenants, etc.). Asnoted above, use of a communication manager 260 to facilitate theseintra-task communications can be beneficial in providing for robusthandling of asynchronous communications and to enable the use of variousand different protocols within an inter-task communication or call toexecute a task.

The interactions begin at (1), where a first task, denoted as Task A1202 in FIG. 12, generates a call message, calling for execution of atask on a coordinator 114. The call message may be in any formatsupported by the communication manager, and may specify, for example,parameters to be passed to a task execution or metadata regarding arequested execution (such as a priority to assign to the execution). Inone embodiment, the call message is a HTTP request message. In someinstances, the call message may specify a task to be called, such as viaa unique identifier for the task. In other instances, the task to becalled may be specified by use of a destination for the call message(e.g., a URI to which the message is transmitted), rather than via thecontent of the message itself. The request method used by the messagemay specify a desired action to be undertaken with respect to themessage. For example, an HTTP POST request may be utilized to requestexecution of a task, while other request methods may be associated withother functionalities (e.g., an HTTP GET request may be utilized torequest output from a task, as will be described below with reference toFIG. 13). Illustratively, generation of a call message at Task A 1202may be facilitated at least in part via calls to a library or other codedependency of Task A 1202, which may be authored by a provider of thecoordinator 114 (e.g., as opposed to an end user of the coordinator 114,an author of Task A 1202, etc., who may be different from the providerof the coordinator 114). For example, Task A 1202 may be generated usinga software development kit, that causes Task A 1202 to include a libraryproviding a “execute task” function, that, when called, will generate acall message for transmission to the communication manager 260.

At (2), Task A 1202 transmits the call message to a URI associated withthe communication manager 260. Illustratively, the communication manager260 may implement an HTTP server listening for requests on a designatedport of the coordinator 114, and Task A 1202 may transmit the callmessage to a URI including a network address or domain name of thecoordinator 114 as well as the designated port (e.g., “localhost:8888”).In some instances, the URI may further include identifying informationof the task to be called. For example, each task on the coordinator 114may be associated with a different resource path on the coordinator 114,such that Task A 1202 is associated with the path “/task_a”, a Task B isassociated with the path “/task_b”, etc. Thus, by transmitting the callmessage to a path associated with a called task, the communicationmanager 260 can be informed of the called task. In the illustrativeexample of FIG. 12, it is assumed that an execution of Task A 1202desired to call for an execution of a Task B. Thus, the execution ofTask A 1202 may transmit the call message to a URI associated with TaskB, such as “localhost:8888/task_b”. As noted above, the request methodused to transmit the call may designate a desired action with respect tothe called task. For example, a “POST” method request to a URIassociated with a task may indicate a desire to initiate an execution ofthe task (e.g., according to the parameters or metadata included withinthe request).

At (3), on receiving the call message, the communication manager 260identifies a called task corresponding to the call message.Illustratively, the communication manager 260 may maintain a mapping orother information associating a path or URI of a call message (e.g.,“localhost:8888/task_b” or “/task_b”) with a corresponding identifier ofa task on the coordinator 114 (e.g., the name “Task B” or a uniqueidentifier corresponding to the task, as utilized for example by thescheduler 256). Thereafter, at (4), the communication manager 260 cangenerate a call to the identified task, according to the content of thecall message (e.g., with parameters included in the call message,designating execution parameters or metadata included within the callmessage, etc.). The communication manager 260 can then transmit the taskcall to the scheduler 256 for placement into a work item queue 800. Thescheduler 256 may then cause execution of the called task, for examplein accordance with the interactions of FIGS. 8 and 9. Illustratively,the communication manager 260 may generate and transmit a task call byuse of a programmatic interface (e.g., an API) to the scheduler 256. Forexample, the communication manager 260 may call a function correspondingto code to pass a task call to the scheduler 256, where the parametersof the function designate parameters to be passed to a task execution,parameters for handling the call (e.g., a priority level), etc. In someinstances, the generated call may include an execution identifier,usable to track a task execution corresponding to the call. Theexecution identifier may correspond, for example, to a unique number oralphanumeric string assigned to the call, and usable (for example) toreport outputs or results of a task execution corresponding to the call,as discussed below with respect to FIG. 13. In one embodiment, theexecution identifier is assigned to the call by the communicationmanager 260. In another embodiment, the execution identifier is assignedto the call by the calling task, such as Task A 1202.

At (6), the communication manager 260 can further return anacknowledgement to the calling task, Task A 1202. The acknowledgementcan indicate, for example, that the call message was received andsuccessfully processed by the communication manager 260, and thus that acall to execute a task has been transmitted to the scheduler 256 andplaced on the work item queue 800. In other instances, theacknowledgement may indicate non-successful processing of a callmessage, such as detection of an error in the message, in the handlingof the message by the communication manager 260, or in the handling ofthe message by the scheduler 256. The acknowledgement message canfurther include an execution identifier corresponding to the callmessage (e.g., in instances where the execution identifier has beenassigned by the communication manager 260).

While illustrative interactions are described with respect to FIG. 12,embodiments of the present disclosure may include additional oralternative interactions. For example, the communication manager 260 mayin some instances validate call messages, such as by authenticating thecall message according to any of a number of known authenticationmessages. As noted above, in some embodiments the communication manager260 may enable transmission of call messages according to multipleprotocols (or multiple versions of the same protocol). Further, thecommunication manager 260 may in some instances enable securetransmission of call messages or other information, such as byimplementation of HTTP over Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport LayerSecurity (TLS), referred to in the art as “HTTPS.”

In addition to enabling a first task execution to transmit a request asecond task execution, it may be beneficial to enable a first taskexecution to obtain a result or output of a second task execution. Forexample, an execution of a first task may transmit a call to anexecution of a second task, such as a task to interact with acoordinated device 112 and obtain a state of that device 112. Theexecution of the first task may therefore benefit from receiving thestate of the device 112 from the execution of the second task. As in theinteractions of FIG. 12 discussed above, transmittal of data between thetask executions may raise difficulties such as incompatibilities betweenlanguages or delays associated with asynchronous execution. Thus, thecommunication manager 260 can further enable outputs or results of atask (e.g., the execution of the second task) to be provided to acalling task (e.g., the execution of the first task).

Interactions for use of a communication manager 260 to provide outputsor results of a task execution will be described with reference to FIG.13. Specifically, the interactions of FIG. 13 may enable a taskexecution, identified as Task B 1204 of FIG. 13, to report an output orresult of execution to a calling task execution, identified as Task A1202 of FIG. 13. In some instances, the interactions of FIG. 13 mayoccur subsequent to transmission, by Task A 1202, of a request toexecute Task B 1204. In the illustrative example of FIG. 13, onepotential ordering of interactions is depicted for illustrativepurposes, in which TASK A 1202 transmits a request to the communicationmanager 260 to obtain an output from TASK B 1204, prior to that outputbeing received at the communication manager 260. This ordering ofinteractions may occur, for example, where Task A 1202 and thecommunication manager 260 utilize HTTP “long polling,” a techniquewhereby Task A 1202 initiates an HTTP connection with the communicationmanager 260 without requiring an immediate response, such that thecommunication manager 260 may use the existing HTTP connection to notifyTask A 1202 of new information (e.g., an output of Task B 1204). Otherorderings of interactions are possible. For example, Task A 1202 maytransmit a request to the communication manager 260 to obtain an outputof Task B 1204 after the communication manager 260 has obtained thatoutput, in which instance the communication manager 260 may respond tothe request immediately. As a further example, the communication manager260 may in some embodiments utilize “push” communication mechanisms tonotify Task A 1202 of an output of Task B 1204 without requiring Task A1202 to initiate a connection with the communication manager 260. Thus,the ordering depicted in FIG. 13 is intended to be illustrative innature.

At (2), Task A 1202 transmits the response request message to thecommunication manager 260. Illustratively, where the response requestmessage is an HTTP message, the message may be transmitted to a URIassociated with the communication manager 260 (e.g., “localhost:8888”).In some instances, the response request message may include theexecution identifier identifying the task execution from which an outputis sought. For example, the response request message may include theexecution identifier as a header within an HTTP message addressed to aURI associated with a task from which an output is requested. In otherinstances a URI to which the message is transmitted may include theexecution identifier as part of a path within the URI. For example, arequest for an output of a task execution corresponding to executionidentifier “1” may be transmitted to “http://localhost:8888/1,” whereexecution identifiers are unique across tasks at a coordinator 114.Where execution identifiers are not unique across tasks, or when it isotherwise desirable, an identifier of a task from which output isrequested may also be included within a path of a URI. For example, arequest for an output of execution “1” of “Task B” may be transmitted to“http://localhost:8888/task_b/1.” The request can illustratively includeparameters for processing of the request at the communication manager260, such as a timeout period of the request, such that if thecommunication manager 260 does not obtain a response within the timeoutperiod, an error message is returned to Task A 1202. In some instances,the request may include criterion designating when and if thecommunication manager 260 should return information to Task A 1202 inresponse to the request, such as notifying Task A 1202 only when theoutput of Task B 1204 conforms to specified criteria (e.g., absolutevalues, threshold values, value ranges, etc.). As noted above,transmission of the response request message may occur in accordancewith an HTTP long polling technique, such that a connection between TaskA 1202 and the communication manager 260 is maintained without requiringthat the communication manager 260 immediately respond to the message.

In the illustrative example of FIG. 13, at (3), Task B 1204 generates anoutput. The output may be any data generated by virtue of execution ofcode corresponding to Task B 1204, such as a result of processing inputspassed to Task B 1204 (e.g., as part of a call to execute Task B 1204),data obtained from a coordinated device 112 during execution of Task B1204 (e.g., where Task B 1204 corresponds to code to interact with acoordinated device 112), etc. At (4), the output is transmitted to thecommunication manager 260 using the execution identifier assigned to theexecution of Task B 1204. Illustratively, the output may be transmittedto Task B as an HTTP request utilizing the HTTP POST method, withcontent including the output. In one embodiment, the request may includean execution identifier corresponding to the task generating the output(e.g., as a header to the request). The request may be transmitted to aURI associated with the execution identifier and/or with Task B 1204,which may match the URI discussed above with respect to interaction (2)(e.g., “http://localhost:8888/1” or “http://localhost:8888/task_b”).

At (5), the communication manager 260 matches the output provided byTask B 1204 to the request message transmitted by Task A 1202, such asby detecting that both messages are transmitted to a common URI andinclude a common execution identifier (e.g., within the URI or within aheader field). At (6), the communication manager generates a response tothe request messages of Task A 1202, including the output provided byTask B 1204. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 13, where the responserequest message transmitted at interaction (2) represents animplementation of an HTTP long polling technique, the response generatedat interaction (6) may be a response to the request message ofinteraction (2). In other embodiments, interaction (6) may includegeneration of an independently transmitted message (e.g., a “push”message to Task A 1202).

At (7), the response generated at the communication manager 206,including the output of Task B 1204, is transmitted to Task A 1202.Accordingly, Task A 1202 may obtain an output generated by Task B 1204,and intra-task communication can be enabled. As will be appreciated inview of the description above, the use of a communication manger 260 toenable intra-task communication may include a number of benefits. Forexample, each task (e.g., Task A 1202 and Task B 1204) may communicatewith the communication manager 260 via different protocols, or differentversions of the same protocol. Moreover, the intra-task communicationsdepicted in FIG. 13 are not dependent on a particular language of atask, and may between tasks written in different languages, so long aseach language can implement a protocol supported by the communicationmanager 260. In addition, functionality of the communication manager 260is not dependent on the content of intra-task communications (e.g., themessage body), but may be capable of operating solely based on addressesto which communications are transmitted or header values associated withthe communications. In this way, tasks may be enabled to transmit dataof any format without requiring alteration to the functionality of thecommunication manager 260. Still further, the communication manager 260described herein can implement various functionalities on behalf oftasks, such that those tasks need not implement those functionalitiesthemselves. For example, the communication manager 206 may authenticatecommunications with one or more tasks, validate requests from the tasks,and implement timeouts or error controls with respect to requests (e.g.,to enable robust asynchronous calls). In some instances, thecommunication manager 260 may implement “quality of service” guarantees,such as by retransmitting failed communications with tasks to ensurethat a task receives and processes a communication. The communicationmanager 260 thus provides substantial advantages over directcommunication between individual task executions.

With reference to FIG. 14, an illustrative cross-task communicationroutine 1400 will be described. The routine 1400 may be implemented, forexample, by a communication manager 260, to enable communicationsbetween executions of tasks on a coordinator 114.

The routine 1400 begins at block 1402, where the communication manager260 obtains a call message addressed to a URI associated with task.Illustratively, the call message may be an HTTP POST request to a URIincluding a domain name of the coordinator 114, a port associated withan HTTP server implemented by the communication manager 260, and a pathassociated with the called task (e.g., in the format of“http://<domain>:<port>/<path>”). At block 1403, the communicationmanager 260 obtains an execution identifier to be associate with thecall, which can be utilized (as described below) to return to a callingentity, such as a calling tasks, outputs or results of an executioncorresponding to the call. In one embodiment, the execution identifieris transmitted within the call message (e.g., as contents of the POSTrequest). In another embodiment, the execution identifier is assigned tothe call by the communication manager 260, and may be returned to acalling entity (e.g., as part of an acknowledgement of or response tothe POST request).

At block 1404, the communication manager 260 determines, based on a URIto which the call message was transmitted, a task to be called inresponse to the call message. For example, the communication manager 260may maintain a mapping or other information associating a path of a URI(e.g., “/task_identifier”) to a particular task maintained at acoordinator 114 (e.g., “Task X”). Thus, by inspecting a path to whichthe call message was transmitted, the communication manger 260 maydetermine a task to call in response to the call message.

At block 1406, the communication manager 260 generates a call to executethe task identified in block 1404, and transmits the call to a schedulerof the coordinator 114 (which, as discussed above, may function toenqueue the call and to cause execution of the called task in accordancewith a work item queue). Illustratively, the call may include parametersto be passed to an execution of a task, or parameters regarding how thetask should be executed (e.g., a priority to assign to the execution).Such parameters may be obtained, for example, from the call messageobtained at block 1402. The call can further include the executionidentifier associated with the call, as obtained at block 1403, suchthat a task execution initiated by the call may report results of thecall to the communication manager 260 by reference to the executionidentifier.

At block 1408, the communication manager 260 obtains an output or otherdata regarding execution of a task corresponding to the call,referencing the execution identifier. Illustratively, the output may betransmitted as an HTTP POST message to a server corresponding to thecommunication manager 260, addressed to a path including the executionidentifier, and including content corresponding to the output. Inanother embodiment, the output may be transmitted as an HTTP postmessage, with contents including the execution identifier.

At block 1410, the communication manager 260 returns the output to asource of the call message. In one embodiment, the communication manager260 may return the output as a response to a request for that output,where the request includes the execution identifier. For example, thecommunication manager 260 may return the output as a response to an HTTPGET method message transmitted to a URI including the executionidentifier. In another embodiment, the communication manager 260 maytransmit the output independently (e.g., as a “push” notification) to anentity from the call message was received. While a return to a source ofthe call message is described in FIG. 14, the communication manager 260may additionally or alternatively return the output to anotherdestination. For example, the call message or another communicationreceived at the communication manager 260 (e.g., another communicationreferencing the execution identifier) may specify an alternativedestination for an output corresponding to the execution identifier, andthe routine 1400 may include returning the output to that alternativedestination. Illustratively, the use of alternative destinations mayenable rerouting of outputs between tasks. For example, a first task maycall for execution of a second task, and pass a previously establishedexecution identifier (e.g., corresponding to an execution of a thirdtask) as a parameter to the second task. The second task may thenutilize the execution identifier to obtain an output of the third task,even if the second task was not responsible for originally invoking theexecution of the third task. Thus, a return of the output to a callmessage source is simply one possible destination for the output. Afterreturning the output, the routine 1400 may end at block 1412.

With reference to FIG. 15, illustrative interactions are depicted forenabling intra-task communications between a task execution on anon-demand code execution environment 150 and a task executing (orto-be-executed) on a coordinator 114. As discussed above, it may in someinstances (and under certain configurations) be difficult for a taskexecuting at the on-demand code execution environment 150 tocommunication with a coordinator 114. For example, the coordinator 114may not be associated with a publically addressable network, may besubject to security policies that limit establishment of communicationsto the coordinator 114 from outside the coordinated environment 120, ormay not maintain reliable communications with the on-demand codeexecution environment 150 (e.g., may be subject to high networklatencies or transmission errors in communicating with the on-demandcode execution environment 150). To address such difficulties, acoordinator 114 may implement a remote interface task 1202, executing ona coordinator 114, to continuously, intermittently, or periodicallyretrieve requests from an on-demand code execution system to executetasks on the coordinator 114, and to report results of such executionsto the on-demand code execution environment 150.

The interactions of FIG. 15 begin at (1), where the on-demand codeexecution environment 150 obtains a call to execute a task at acoordinator 114. Illustratively, the call may be obtained by a taskexecuting at the on-demand code execution environment 150, or by aclient device 102 transmitting a call to the on-demand code executionenvironment 150 (e.g., via an API of the on-demand code executionenvironment 150). The call may include, for example, identifyinginformation of a task to be called, as well as a coordinator 114 onwhich to execute the task. In some instances, the call may furtherinclude other information, such as parameters to pass to the task priorto or during execution, or parameters for controlling how the taskexecutes (e.g., a priority of the task). Identifying information of atask to be called may include, for example, a name or other identifierof a task on the coordinator 114, on the on-demand code executionenvironment 150, or both. Identifying information for a coordinator 114may include, for example, a name or other identifier of a coordinator114, or a name or other identifier of a coordinated environment 110 inwhich the coordinator 114 operates (e.g., in instances where only asingle coordinator 114 is included within such an environment 110). Insome instances, identifying information of the coordinator 114 mayinclude designation of an account on the on-demand code executionenvironment 150 with which the coordinator 114 is associated.

At (2), the on-demand code execution environment 150 identifies acoordinator 114 to which the call should be transmitted. Illustratively,the on-demand code execution environment 150 may extract the identifyinginformation for the coordinator 114 from the call, in order to determinea particular coordinator 114 to which the call should be transmitted.Thereafter, at (3), the on-demand code execution environment 150enqueues the call in a queue of calls awaiting retrieval by thecoordinator 114. Illustratively, the on-demand code executionenvironment 150 may generate, for each coordinator 114 enabled to obtaintask calls from the on-demand code execution environment 150, a queue ofcall awaiting transmittal to the coordinator 114. Thus, the on-demandcode execution environment 150 may place the currently obtained callonto a queue corresponding to a destination coordinator 114. In someinstances, the on-demand code execution environment 150 may operate thequeue according to a first-in-first-out scheduling algorithm. In otherinstances, the on-demand code execution environment 150 may apply otherscheduling algorithms (such as those discussed above) to the queue.

At (4), a remote interface task 1202 executing on a coordinator 114transmits a request to the on-demand code execution environment 150 toretrieve task calls queued at the on-demand code execution environment150. The remote interface task 1202 may be implemented as a task at thecoordinator 114, in accordance with the embodiments described herein.Illustratively, the remote interface task 1202 may correspond to codeexecutable to continuously, intermittently or periodically interact withthe on-demand code execution environment 150 to retrieve task callsqueued at the on-demand code execution environment 150 for execution onthe coordinator 114. In one embodiment, the request to retrieve taskcalls may be an HTTP request (e.g., a GET method request), addressed toa URI of the on-demand code execution environment 150. Illustratively,the URI may include a path designated by the on-demand code executionenvironment 150 as corresponding to the coordinator 114.

At (5), the on-demand code execution environment 150 returns the queuedcall to the remote interface task 1202 in response to the request. Inone embodiment, the on-demand code execution environment 150 may returnall queued task calls to the coordinator 114. In another embodiment, theon-demand code execution environment 150 may include only a thresholdnumber of queued task calls per request from the coordinator 114 (e.g.,the highest-ordered call from the queue, or the highest-ordered ncalls).

At (6), the remote interface task 1202 generates a call messagecorresponding to a call retrieved from the on-demand code executionenvironment 150. In one embodiment, the coordinator 114 may utilizeinformation from the retrieved call to generate a new call, according toformatted utilized by the coordinator 114. For example, as describedabove, the coordinator 114 may include a communication manager 260configured to obtain calls to execute tasks according to a given format(e.g., as an HTTP POST request addressed to a URI identifying a calledtask and including parameters regarding execution of the task as contentof the request). Thus, the remote interface task 1202 may utilizeinformation from a retrieved call (e.g., the content of an HTTP packettransmitted by the on-demand code execution environment 150) to generatea new call according to the format utilized by the communication manager260. In another embodiment, the on-demand code execution environment 150may be configured to return task calls as encapsulated data packets,such that it may be decapsulated remote interface task 1202 andtransmitted within the coordinator 114 without requiring independentgeneration of a new call.

At (7), the coordinator 114 transmits the call to the communicationmanager 260. The call may be transmitted in accordance with theembodiments described above (e.g., as an HTTP POST request addressed toa URI identifying a called task). Thereafter, the communication manager260 may operate to cause the call to be enqueued on a work item queue ofthe coordinator 114, and executed in an execution environment of thecoordinator 114. Interactions for processing calls to execute tasks aredescribed above with respect to FIGS. 8-13. Thus, via the interactionsof FIG. 15, the on-demand code execution environment 150 may operate tocause execution of tasks on a coordinator 114.

While illustrative interactions are depicted in FIG. 15 for use of aremote interface task 1202 to initiate execution of tasks on acoordinator 114 via an on-demand code execution environment 150, theremote interface task 1202 may in some instances implement additionalfunctionalities. For example, the remote interface task 1202 may operateto obtain an output or result of execution of a task at the coordinator114 (e.g., in accordance with the interactions of FIG. 13) and to returnsuch an output or result to the on-demand code execution environment150. Illustratively, the output or result may be returned to theon-demand code execution environment 150 and include an executionidentifier of the task (which may be assigned, for example, by a callingentity or the on-demand code execution environment 150). The on-demandcode execution environment 150 may further function to return the outputor result to a calling entity, similarly to as is described above withreference to FIG. 13.

With reference to FIG. 16, an illustrative external task call routine1600 will be described. The routine 1600 may be implemented, forexample, by an on-demand code execution environment 150 (e.g., via afrontend 152 of the on-demand code execution environment 150). Theroutine 1600 begins at 1602, where the on-demand code executionenvironment 150 generates a task call queue for a coordinator 114. Thetask call queue may be implemented as a logical structure within memoryof the on-demand code execution environment 150, and be configured tostore calls to execute tasks at the coordinator 114. The task call queuemay be associated with a resource identifier, such as a URI, to enabledevices to request execution of a task on the coordinator 114 to whichthe queue corresponds.

At block 1604, the on-demand code execution environment 150 obtains acall to execute a task on the coordinator 114. The call may be obtained,for example, via an API of the on-demand code execution environment 150,and may be generated by client devices 102, tasks executing on theon-demand code execution environment 150, tasks executing oncoordinators 114, or other devices. The call may include parameters tobe passed to the task, or parameters regarding execution of the task(e.g., a priority).

At block 1606, the on-demand code execution environment 150 enqueues thecall within the task call queue corresponding to the coordinator 114 onwhich the task is intended to execute. In some instances, the on-demandcode execution environment 150 may undertake additional actions prior toplacing a call on the queue, such as validating the call (e.g., toensure it includes proper authentication information, formatting, etc.)or assigning an execution identifier to the call. The on-demand codeexecution environment 150 may then, at block 1608, apply a schedulingalgorithm to the queue to sort calls within the queue according to adetermined ordering. The scheduling algorithm may include, for example,a weighted round robin algorithm.

At block 1610, the on-demand code execution environment 150 obtains arequest from a coordinator 114 to provide calls on the queuecorresponding to the coordinator 114. The request may be generated, forexample, by a remote interface task executing on the coordinator 114. Inone embodiment, the request is an HTTP GET method request addressed to aURI corresponding to the queue.

Thereafter, at block 1612, the on-demand code execution environment 150transmits calls within the queue according to the ordering of the queueaccording to the scheduling algorithm. In one embodiment, the on-demandcode execution environment 150 may transmit all queued calls to thecoordinator 114. In another embodiment, the on-demand code executionenvironment 150 may transmit only a threshold number (e.g., one) call toa coordinator 114 in response to a given request, and the coordinator114 may transmit multiple requests to receive queued calls.Illustratively, transmission of the call may include encapsulation ofthe call into a format suitable for transmission to the coordinator overa public network (e.g., the network 104), such that the call may bedecapsulated at the coordinator 114 and transmitted to a communicationmanager of the coordinator 114, without independent recreation of thecall. Thus, the coordinator 114 (e.g., via a remote interface task) mayobtain calls to execute tasks, as submitted to the on-demand codeexecution environment 150. The coordinator 114 may thereafter processthe calls in accordance with the embodiments described above, in orderto undertake a desired functionality, such as managing operation of acoordinated device 112. The routine 1600 may then end at block 1614.

As noted above, the on-demand code execution environment 150 may in someinstances implement additional functionality, such as retrieval ofoutputs of a task executed on a coordinator 114. In such instances, theroutine 1600 may be modified to include additional elements, or a newroutine may be implemented by the on-demand code execution environment150 to facilitate retrieval of outputs of a task executed at acoordinator 114. For example, the on-demand code execution environment150 may await reporting of an output of a task, as delivered to theon-demand code execution environment 150 by a remote interface task(e.g., as an HTTP POST method request addressed to a URI including anexecution identifier of the task). The on-demand code executionenvironment 150 may then transmit a notification of the output to acalling entity (e.g., as a “push” notification), or may store the outputsuch that a calling entity may retrieve the output by requesting it fromthe on-demand code execution environment 150 (e.g., via an HTTP GETmethod request addressed to a URI including an execution identifier ofthe task). Thus, the on-demand code execution environment 150 may insome instances operate similarly to a communication manager of acoordinator 114. In other embodiments, the on-demand code executionenvironment 150 may exclude such functionality, and a remote interfacetask executing on a coordinator 114 may report outputs of taskexecutions via other mechanisms, such as storing such outputs on anetwork-attached storage system accessible via the network 104.

Various example embodiments of the disclosure can be described by thefollowing clauses:

-   -   Clause 1. A system to remotely configure a coordinator computing        device managing operation of coordinated devices, the system        comprising:        -   a non-transitory data store including a device shadow for            the coordinator computing device, the device shadow            indicating a version identifier for a desired configuration            of the coordinator computing device;        -   a deployment device in communication with the non-transitory            data store, the deployment device comprising a processor            configured with computer-executable instructions to:            -   obtain configuration information for the coordinator                computing device, the configuration information                indicating one or more coordinated devices to be managed                by the coordinator computing device and one or more                tasks to be executed by the coordinator computing device                to manage the one or more coordinated devices, wherein                individual tasks of the one or more tasks correspond to                code executable by the coordinator computing device, and                wherein the configuration information further specifies                an event flow table indicating criteria for determining                an action to be taken by the coordinator computing                device in response to a message obtained from an                execution of the one or more tasks;            -   generate a configuration package including the                configuration information, wherein the configuration                package is associated with an additional version                identifier;            -   modify the device shadow to indicate that the desired                configuration corresponds to the additional version                identifier;            -   notify the coordinator computing device of the modified                device shadow;            -   obtain a request from the coordinator computing device                for the configuration package; and            -   transmit the configuration package to the coordinator                computing device, wherein the coordinator computing                device is configured to utilize the configuration                package to retrieve the one or more tasks to be executed                by the coordinator computing device to manage the one or                more coordinated devices indicated within the                configuration package.    -   Clause 2. The system of Clause 1, wherein the processor is        further configured with computer-executable instructions to        obtain a subscription for the coordinator computing device to a        topic corresponding to the device shadow, and wherein the        processor is configured to notify the coordinator computing        device of the modified device shadow as a notification of a        publication to the topic.    -   Clause 3. The system of Clause 2, wherein the notification is        transmitted via MQTT protocol.    -   Clause 4. The system of Clause 1, wherein the coordinated        devices comprise at least one of a general purpose computing        device, a thin device, or an embedded device associated with an        alternative primary function.    -   Clause 5. The system of Clause 1 further comprising the        coordinator computing device, wherein the coordinator computing        device comprising a processor and memory collectively configured        to manage a state of the coordinated devices.    -   Clause 6. A computer-implemented method comprising:        -   obtaining a registration of a coordinator computing device,            wherein the coordinator computing device is associated with            a coordinated environment comprising one or more coordinated            devices to be managed by the coordinator computing device;        -   generating a device shadow for the coordinator computing            device, the device shadow indicating a version identifier            for a desired configuration of the coordinator computing            device;        -   obtaining configuration information for the coordinator            computing device, the configuration information indicating            one or more tasks to be executed by the coordinator            computing device to manage the one or more coordinated            devices, wherein individual tasks of the one or more tasks            correspond to code executable by the coordinator computing            device;        -   generating a configuration package including the            configuration information, wherein the configuration package            is associated with an additional version identifier;        -   modifying the device shadow to indicate that the desired            configuration corresponds to the additional version            identifier;        -   notifying the coordinator computing device of a modification            to the device shadow;        -   obtaining a request from the coordinator computing device            for the configuration package; and        -   transmitting the configuration package to the coordinator            computing device, wherein the coordinator computing device            is configured to utilize the configuration package to            retrieve the one or more tasks to be executed by the            coordinator computing device to manage the one or more            coordinated devices indicated within the configuration            package.    -   Clause 7. The computer-implemented method of Clause 6, wherein        the configuration package further includes an event flow table        indicating criteria for determining an action to be taken by the        coordinator computing device in response to a message obtained        at the coordinator computing device from at least one of a task        of the one or more tasks or a coordinated device of the one or        more coordinated devices.    -   Clause 8. The computer-implemented method of Clause 6, wherein        the configuration package further includes a security        certificate to be used in communications between the coordinated        devices and the coordinator computing device.    -   Clause 9. The computer-implemented method of Clause 6, wherein        the configuration package further includes an indication of a        set of device shadows to be maintained by the coordinator        computing device, individual device shadows of the set of device        shadows corresponding to individual coordinated devices of the        one or more coordinated devices.    -   Clause 10. The computer-implemented method of Clause 6, wherein        obtaining the registration of the coordinator computing device        comprising obtaining a subscription for the coordinator        computing device to a topic corresponding to the device shadow,        and wherein notifying the coordinator computing device of the        modified device shadow includes transmitting a notification to        the coordinator computing device of a publication to the topic.    -   Clause 11. The computer-implemented method of Clause 6 further        comprising:        -   obtaining at least one task of the one or more tasks from a            client computing associated with a user of the coordinator            computing device;        -   receiving a request for the at least one task in response to            processing of the configuration package at the coordinator            computing device; and        -   providing the at least one task to the coordinator computing            device.    -   Clause 12. The computer-implemented method of Clause 6 further        comprising:        -   obtaining updated configuration information for the            coordinator computing device;        -   generating an updated configuration package from the updated            configuration information, wherein the configuration package            is associated with an updated version identifier;        -   modifying the device shadow to indicate that the desired            configuration corresponds to the updated version identifier;        -   notifying the coordinator computing device of a modification            to the device shadow;        -   obtaining a request from the coordinator computing device            for the configuration package; and        -   transmitting the updated configuration package to the            coordinator computing device.    -   Clause 13. Non-transitory computer-readable media comprising        computer executable instructions that, when executed by a        deployment system, cause the deployment system to:        -   generate a device shadow for a coordinator computing device,            the device shadow indicating a version identifier for a            desired configuration of the coordinator computing device,            wherein the coordinator computing device is associated with            a coordinated environment comprising one or more coordinated            devices to be managed by the coordinator computing device;        -   obtain configuration information for the coordinator            computing device, the configuration information indicating            one or more tasks to be executed by the coordinator            computing device to manage the one or more coordinated            devices, wherein individual tasks of the one or more tasks            correspond to code executable by the coordinator computing            device;        -   modify the device shadow to indicate that the desired            configuration corresponds to the additional version            identifier;        -   notify the coordinator computing device of the modified            device shadow;        -   obtain a request from the coordinator computing device for            the configuration package; and        -   transmit the configuration package to the coordinator            computing device, wherein the coordinator computing device            is configured to utilize the configuration package to            retrieve the one or more tasks to be executed by the            coordinator computing device to manage the one or more            coordinated devices indicated within the configuration            package.    -   Clause 14. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        13, wherein the computer executable instructions further cause        the deployment system to:        -   obtain executable code corresponding to the one or more            tasks, where the one or more tasks comprise:            -   a first task executable by the coordinator computing                device to generate device shadows for individual                coordinated devices of the one or more coordinated                devices; and            -   a second task executable by the coordinator computing                device to route messages addressed to at least one of                the one or more coordinated devices or at least one of                the one or more tasks;        -   obtain a request from the coordinator computing device for            the one or more tasks; and        -   transmit the one or more tasks to the coordinator computing            device.    -   Clause 15. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        14, wherein the one or more tasks further comprise a third task        executable by the coordinator computing device to enable        communication according to a protocol associated with the task.    -   Clause 16. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        14, wherein the configuration package further includes an        indication of a set of device shadows to be maintained by the        coordinator computing device, individual device shadows of the        set of device shadows corresponding to individual coordinated        devices of the one or more coordinated devices.    -   Clause 17. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        14, wherein the computer executable instructions further cause        the deployment system to obtain a subscription for the        coordinator computing device to a topic corresponding to the        device shadow, and wherein the computer executable instructions        cause the deployment system to notify the coordinator computing        device of the modified device shadow by transmitting a        notification to the coordinator computing device of a        publication to the topic.    -   Clause 18. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        14, wherein the computer executable instructions further cause        the deployment system to:        -   obtain at least one task of the one or more tasks from a            client computing associated with a user of the coordinator            computing device;        -   receive a request for the at least one task in response to            processing of the configuration package at the coordinator            computing device; and        -   provide the at least one task to the coordinator computing            device.    -   Clause 19. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        14, wherein the computer executable instructions further cause        the deployment system to:        -   obtain updated configuration information for the coordinator            computing device;        -   generate an updated configuration package from the updated            configuration information, wherein the configuration package            is associated with an updated version identifier;        -   modify the device shadow to indicate that the desired            configuration corresponds to the updated version identifier;        -   notify the coordinator computing device of a modification to            the device shadow;        -   obtain a request from the coordinator computing device for            the configuration package; and        -   transmit the updated configuration package to the            coordinator computing device.    -   Clause 20. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        14, wherein at least one task of the one or more tasks is        executable on both the coordinator computing device and within        an on-demand code execution system distinct from the coordinator        computing device.    -   Clause 21. A system for managing resources within a coordinator        computing device configured to manage one or more coordinated        devices within a coordinated environment, the system comprising:        -   a non-transitory data store including computer executable            instructions corresponding to:            -   a scheduler that, when executed, implements a queue of                calls to execute one or more tasks on the coordinator,                wherein individual tasks of the one or more tasks                correspond to code executable by the coordinator                computing device to manage operation of the one or more                coordinated devices within the coordinated environment;            -   a resource manager that, when executed, generates                execution environments in which to execute the one or                more tasks;        -   a processor in communication with the non-transitory data            store and configured to execute the scheduler, wherein            execution of the scheduler causes the processor to:            -   enqueue a set of task calls within the queue, individual                task calls corresponding to a call to execute a task of                the one or more tasks;            -   obtain an availability of compute resources on the                coordinator from the resource manager;            -   apply a scheduling algorithm to the queue based at least                in part on the availability of compute resources to                select at least one task call of the set of task calls                for processing;            -   instruct the resource manager to select an execution                environment in which to execute a task corresponding to                the at least one task call; and            -   execute the task corresponding to the at least one task                call within the execution environment;        -   wherein the processor is further configured to execute the            resource manager in order to generate the execution            environment in which to execute the task corresponding to            the at least one task call, and wherein generation of the            execution environment includes provisioning the execution            environment with a data resource required to execute the            task corresponding to the at least one task call.    -   Clause 22. The system of Clause 21, wherein the coordinated        devices comprise at least one of a general purpose computing        device, a thin device, or an embedded device associated with an        alternative primary function.    -   Clause 23. The system of Clause 21, wherein provisioning the        execution environment with a data resource required to execute        the task corresponding to the at least one task call includes        provisioning the execution environment with the executable code        corresponding to the task.    -   Clause 24. The system of Clause 21, wherein provisioning the        execution environment with a data resource required to execute        the task corresponding to the at least one task call includes        provisioning the execution environment with at least one of a        driver, a code library, data corresponding to a runtime        environment, or a code utility.    -   Clause 25. The system of Clause 21, wherein the execution        environment corresponds to a software container.    -   Clause 26. The system of Clause 25, wherein the data resource is        stored external to the software container, and wherein        provisioning the execution environment with a data resource        required to execute the task corresponding to the at least one        task call includes associating the software container with        read-only access to the data resource.    -   Clause 27. The system of Clause 26, wherein associating the        software container with read-only access to the data resource        comprises generating a union mount combining read-only access to        the data resource and read/write access to an additional memory        space while presenting to the execution environment a combined        view of the data resource and the additional memory space.    -   Clause 28. The system of Clause 21, wherein the execution        environment is a first execution environment, and wherein        execution of the resource manager further causes the processor        to:        -   obtain a request for a second execution environment in which            to execute a second task;        -   detect that the first task has ceased execution; and        -   select the first execution environment to fulfill the            request.    -   Clause 29. Non-transitory computer readable media including        computer-executable instructions comprising:        -   first instructions executable by a computing system to            implement a resource manager, wherein implementation of the            resource manager causes the computing system to:            -   obtain a request for an execution environment in which                to execute a first task of one or more tasks, wherein                individual tasks of the one or more tasks correspond to                code executable by the computing system;            -   determine a set of data resources required for execution                of the task; and            -   generate an execution environment for execution of the                task at least in part by provisioning the execution                environment with access to the set of data resources;        -   second instructions executable by the computing system to            implement scheduler, wherein implementation of the scheduler            causes the computing system to:            -   enqueue a set of task calls within a queue, individual                task calls corresponding to a call to execute a task of                the one or more tasks;            -   obtain an availability of compute resources on the                computing system;            -   apply a scheduling algorithm to the queue based at least                in part on the availability of compute resources to                select a task call of the set of task calls for                processing, wherein the task call corresponds to a call                to execute the first task;            -   transmit the request for the execution environment in                which to execute the first task; and            -   execute the first task within the execution environment.    -   Clause 30. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        29, wherein the execution environment is a first execution        environment, and wherein implementation of the resource manager        further causes the computing system to:        -   obtain a request for a second execution environment in which            to execute a second task;        -   detect that the first task has ceased execution; and        -   select the first execution environment to fulfill the            request.    -   Clause 31. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        30, wherein the first execution environment is selected based at        least in part on detecting that the second task and the first        task correspond to the same task.    -   Clause 32. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        30, wherein the first execution environment is selected based at        least in part on detecting that the second task depends on a        data resource available to the first execution environment.    -   Clause 33. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        30, wherein implementation of the resource manager further        causes the computing system to:        -   determine an availability of a compute resource required by            the execution environment is below a threshold level; and        -   suspend a second execution environment associated with usage            of the compute resource.    -   Clause 34. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        33, wherein the compute resource includes at least one of        processor availability, memory availability, or network        bandwidth availability.    -   Clause 35. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        33, wherein suspension of the second execution environment        includes at least one of generating snapshot image data of the        second execution environment or saving a state of the second        execution environment to a device shadow.    -   Clause 36. The non-transitory computer-readable media of Clause        30, wherein implementation of the resource manager further        causes the computing system to generate the execution        environment, and wherein generating the execution environment        comprises generating a union mount combining read-only access to        the set of data resources and read/write access to an additional        memory space while presenting to the execution environment a        combined view of the set of data resources and the additional        memory space.    -   Clause 37. A computer-implemented method comprising:        -   enqueuing a set of task calls within a queue, individual            task calls corresponding to a call to execute a task of the            one or more tasks;        -   obtaining an availability of compute resources on the            computing system;        -   applying a scheduling algorithm to the queue based at least            in part on the availability of compute resources to select a            task call of the set of task calls for processing, wherein            the task call corresponds to a call to execute the first            task;        -   determining a set of data resources required for execution            of the task; and        -   generating an execution environment for execution of the            task at least in part by provisioning the execution            environment with access to the set of data resources;        -   executing the first task within the execution environment.    -   Clause 38. The computer-implemented method of Clause 37, wherein        the set of data resources includes at least one of data        resources or compute resources.    -   Clause 39. The computer-implemented method of Clause 37, wherein        the execution environment corresponds to a software container,        and wherein provisioning the execution environment with access        to the set of data resources comprises associating the software        container with read-only access to the set of data resources.    -   Clause 40. The computer-implemented method of Clause 39, wherein        associating the software container with read-only access to the        set of data resources comprises generating a union mount        combining read-only access to the set of data resources and        read/write access to an additional memory space while presenting        to the execution environment a combined view of the set of data        resources and the additional memory space.    -   Clause 41. The computer-implemented method of Clause 37, wherein        the execution environment is a first execution environment, and        wherein the computer-implemented method further comprises:        -   obtaining a request for a second execution environment in            which to execute a second task;        -   detecting that the first task has ceased execution; and        -   selecting the first execution environment to fulfill the            request.    -   Clause 42. The computer-implemented method of Clause 41, wherein        the first execution environment is selected based at least in        part on detecting at least one of that the second task and the        first task correspond to the same task or that the second task        depends on a data resource available to the first execution        environment.    -   Clause 43. The computer-implemented method of Clause 37 further        comprising:        -   determining an availability of a compute resource required            by the execution environment is below a threshold level; and        -   suspending a second execution environment associated with            usage of the compute resource.    -   Clause 44. The computer-implemented method of Clause 43, wherein        suspending the second execution environment includes at least        one of generating snapshot image data of the second execution        environment or saving a state of the second execution        environment to a device shadow.    -   Clause 45. The computer-implemented method of Clause 43 further        comprising:        -   enqueing a call to resume an execution the second execution            environment within the queue; and        -   processing the queue based at least in part on an            availability of the compute resources to select the call to            resume the execution of the second execution environment;            and        -   resuming the execution of the second execution environment.    -   Clause 46. A coordinator computing device implementing a        communication manager enabling communications between executions        of tasks on the coordinator computing device, wherein the        coordinator computing devices is configured to manage one or        more coordinated devices within a coordinated environment, the        system comprising:        -   a non-transitory data store including computer executable            instructions corresponding to the communication manager            that, when executed, enables communication between tasks            execution on the coordinator computing device, wherein            individual tasks of correspond to code executable by the            coordinator computing device to manage operation of the one            or more coordinated devices;        -   a processor in communication with the non-transitory data            store and configured to execute the communication manager,            wherein execution of the communication manager causes the            processor to:            -   obtain a call message from an execution of a first task                on the coordinator computing device, wherein the call                message is addressed to a resource identifier associated                with a second task, and wherein the call message                includes parameters to be passed to an execution of the                second task;            -   identify the second task from at least the resource                identifier to which the call message is addressed;            -   cause execution of the second task on the coordinator                computing device;            -   transmit an execution identifier to the execution of the                second task;            -   obtain a return message from the execution of the second                task, wherein the return message specifies the execution                identifier;            -   identify the return message as an output of the                execution of the second task based at least in part on                the resource identifier including the execution                identifier; and            -   return the output of the execution of the second task to                the execution of the first task.    -   Clause 47. The coordinator computing device of Clause 46,        wherein at least one of the call message or the return message        are a hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) message.    -   Clause 48. The coordinator computing device of Clause 46,        wherein the processor is further configured to generate        execution environments for the respective executions of the        first task and of the second task, and wherein the execution        environments are isolated from one another.    -   Clause 49. The coordinator computing device of Clause 46,        wherein execution of the communication manager further causes        the processor to validate security information within the call        message.    -   Clause 50. The coordinator computing device of Clause 46,        wherein the return message specifies the execution identifier by        including the execution identifier in at least one of an address        to which the return message is transmitted or a header field of        the return message.    -   Clause 51. Non-transitory computer readable media including        instructions executable by a coordinator computing device to        implement a communication manager enabling communications        between executions of tasks on the coordinator computing device,        wherein individual tasks of correspond to code executable by the        coordinator computing device to manage operation of the one or        more coordinated devices, and wherein execution of the        instructions causes the coordinator computing device to:        -   obtain a call message from an execution of a first task on            the coordinator computing device, wherein the call message            is addressed to a resource identifier associated with a            second task;        -   identify the second task from at least the resource            identifier to which the call message is addressed;        -   cause execution of the second task on the coordinator            computing device;        -   obtain a return message from the execution of the second            task, wherein the return message includes an execution            identifier associated with the execution of the second task;        -   identify the return message as an output of the execution of            the second task based at least in part on the resource            identifier including the execution identifier; and        -   return the output of the execution of the second task to the            execution of the first task.    -   Clause 52. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        51, wherein execution of the instructions further causes the        coordinator computing device to obtain a return request message        from the execution of the first task, and wherein the output of        the execution of the second task is returned to the execution of        the first task in response to the return request message.    -   Clause 53. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        52, wherein the return request message is addressed to the        resource identifier including the execution identifier.    -   Clause 54. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        52, wherein the return request message is obtained prior to        obtaining the return message.    -   Clause 55. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        52, wherein the call message includes a priority to be assigned        to the execution of the second task.    -   Clause 56. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        52, wherein the resource identifier associated with the second        task includes a domain name associated with the coordinator        computing device, a port associated with the communication        manager, and a path associated with the second task.    -   Clause 57. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        52, wherein the resource identifier associated with the second        task is a uniform resource identifier.    -   Clause 58. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        52, wherein the first task correspond and the second task are        the same task.    -   Clause 59. A computer-implemented method to enable communication        between executions of tasks on the coordinator computing device,        wherein individual tasks of correspond to code executable by the        coordinator computing device, the computer-implemented method        comprising:        -   obtaining a call message from an execution of a first task            on the coordinator computing device, wherein the call            message is addressed to a resource identifier associated            with a second task;        -   identifying the second task from at least the resource            identifier to which the call message is addressed;        -   causing execution of the second task on the coordinator            computing device;        -   obtaining a return message from the execution of the second            task, wherein the return message includes an execution            identifier associated with the execution of the second task;        -   identifying the return message as an output of the execution            of the second task based at least in part on the resource            identifier including the execution identifier; and        -   returning the output of the execution of the second task to            the execution of the first task.    -   Clause 60. The computer-implemented method of Clause 59 further        comprising at least one of assigning the execution identifier to        the execution of the second task or identifying, within the call        message, the execution identifier.    -   Clause 61. The computer-implemented method of Clause 59 further        comprising passing the execution identifier to the execution of        the second task.    -   Clause 62. The computer-implemented method of Clause 59, wherein        causing execution of the second task on the coordinator        computing device comprises generating an execution environment        for the execution of the second task on the coordinator        computing device.    -   Clause 63. The computer-implemented method of Clause 59, wherein        returning the output of the execution of the second task to the        execution of the first task comprises returning the output as a        push message to the first task.    -   Clause 64. The computer-implemented method of Clause 59, wherein        the first task corresponds to code of a first programming        language and the second task corresponds to code of a second        programming language.    -   Clause 65. The computer-implemented method of Clause 59 further        comprising obtaining a return request message from the execution        of the first task, wherein the output of the execution of the        second task is returned to the execution of the first task in        response to the return request message.    -   Clause 66. The computer-implemented method of Clause 59, wherein        the return request message is obtained prior to obtaining the        return message.    -   Clause 67. A coordinator computing device implementing a remote        interface enabling remote invocation of tasks on the coordinator        computing device, wherein the coordinator computing device is        configured to manage one or more coordinated devices within a        coordinated environment, and wherein individual tasks correspond        to code executable by the coordinator computing device to manage        operation of the one or more coordinated devices, the        coordinator computing device comprising:        -   a non-transitory data store including computer executable            instructions corresponding to the remote interface that,            when executed, enables remote invocation of tasks on the            coordinator computing device;        -   a processor in communication with the non-transitory data            store and configured to execute the remote interface,            wherein execution of the remote interface causes the            processor to:            -   transmit a query to an on-demand code execution                environment remote from the coordinator computing device                to obtain a call to execute a first task on the                coordinator computing device, wherein the query is                addressed to a resource identifier associated with a                queue of calls to the coordinator computing device                maintained at the on-demand code execution environment;            -   obtain the call to execute the first task on the                coordinator computing device, wherein the call includes                parameters to be passed to an execution of the second                task;            -   determine a resource identifier associated with a second                task and the coordinator computing device; and            -   generate a call message corresponding to the call to                execute the first task on the coordinator computing                device, wherein the call message is addressed to the                resource identifier associated with the second task,                wherein the call message includes the parameters to be                passed to an execution of the second task, and wherein                the call message causes execution of the first task on                the coordinator computing device.    -   Clause 68. The system of Clause 67, wherein execution of the        remote interface further causes the processor to:        -   obtain an execution identifier corresponding to the            execution of the second task;        -   obtain a return message from the execution of the second            task, wherein the message is addressed to a resource            identifier including the execution identifier;        -   identify the return message as an output of the execution of            the second task based at least in part on the resource            identifier including the execution identifier; and        -   return the output of the execution of the second task to            on-demand code execution environment.    -   Clause 69. The system of Clause 68, wherein execution of the        remote interface causes the processor to obtain the execution        identifier by at least one of generating the execution        identifier or detecting the execution identifier within the call        to execute the first task.    -   Clause 70. The coordinator computing device of Clause 67,        wherein the call message is a hypertext transport protocol        (HTTP) message addressed to the resource identifier associated        with the second task.    -   Clause 71. Non-transitory computer readable media including        instructions executable by a coordinator computing device to        implement a remote interface enabling remote invocation of tasks        on the coordinator computing device, wherein individual tasks        correspond to code executable by the coordinator computing        device to manage operation of the one or more coordinated        devices, and wherein execution of the instructions causes the        coordinator computing device to:        -   transmit a query to an on-demand code execution environment,            remote from the coordinator computing device, for a call to            execute a first task on the coordinator computing device,            wherein the query is addressed to a resource identifier            associated with a queue of calls to the coordinator            computing device maintained at the on-demand code execution            environment;        -   obtain the call to execute the first task on the coordinator            computing device;        -   determine a resource identifier associated with a second            task and the coordinator computing device; and        -   generate a call message corresponding to the call to execute            the first task on the coordinator computing device, wherein            the call message is addressed to the resource identifier            associated with the second task.    -   Clause 72. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        71, wherein execution of the instructions further causes the        coordinator computing device to:        -   obtain a return message from the execution of the second            task, wherein the message is addressed to a resource            identifier including an execution identifier corresponding            to the execution of the second task;        -   identify the return message as an output of the execution of            the second task based at least in part on the resource            identifier including the execution identifier; and        -   return the output of the execution of the second task to            on-demand code execution environment.    -   Clause 73. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        71, wherein execution of the instructions causes the coordinator        computing device to return the output of the execution of the        second task to on-demand code execution environment at least        partly by transmitting the output to a second resource        identifier, on the on-demand code execution environment,        including the execution identifier.    -   Clause 74. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        71, wherein execution of the instructions causes the coordinator        computing device to:        -   generate a return request message addressed to the resource            identifier including the execution identifier corresponding            to the execution of the second task; and        -   transmit the return request message to the resource            identifier.    -   Clause 75. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        71, wherein the call message includes a priority to be assigned        to the execution of the second task.    -   Clause 76. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        71, wherein the resource identifier associated with the second        task and the coordinator computing device includes a domain name        associated with the coordinator computing device, a port        associated with the communication manager, and a path associated        with the first task.    -   Clause 77. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        71, wherein the resource identifier associated with the second        task is a uniform resource identifier.    -   Clause 78. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        71, wherein execution of the instructions causes the coordinator        computing device to generate an execution environment for        execution of the first task to execute the first task within the        execution environment.    -   Clause 79. A computer-implemented method implemented by a        coordinator computing device to enable remote invocation of        tasks on the coordinator computing device, wherein individual        tasks of correspond to code executable by the coordinator        computing device, the computer-implemented method comprising:        -   transmitting a query to an on-demand code execution            environment, remote from the coordinator computing device,            for a call to execute a first task on the coordinator            computing device, wherein the query is addressed to a            resource identifier associated with a queue of calls to the            coordinator computing device maintained at the on-demand            code execution environment;        -   obtaining the call to execute the first task on the            coordinator computing device;        -   determining a resource identifier associated with a second            task and the coordinator computing device; and        -   generating a call message corresponding to the call to            execute the first task on the coordinator computing device,            wherein the call message is addressed to the resource            identifier associated with the second task.    -   Clause 80. The computer-implemented method of Clause 79 further        comprising at least one of assigning an execution identifier to        an execution of the first task or identifying, within the call,        the execution identifier.    -   Clause 81. The computer-implemented method of Clause 80, wherein        the call message includes the execution identifier.    -   Clause 82. The computer-implemented method of Clause 79 further        comprising executing the first task on the coordinator computing        device in response to the call message, wherein comprising        executing the first task on the coordinator computing device        comprises generating an execution environment for execution of        the first task on the coordinator computing device.    -   Clause 83. The computer-implemented method of Clause 79 further        comprising:        -   obtaining a return message from an execution of the first            task, wherein the message is addressed to a resource            identifier including an execution identifier corresponding            to the execution of the first task;        -   identifying the return message as an output of the execution            of the first task based at least in part on the resource            identifier including the execution identifier; and        -   returning the output of the execution of the second task to            on-demand code execution environment.    -   Clause 84. The computer-implemented method of Clause 83 further        comprising generating a return request message and transmitting        the return request message to the resource identifier including        the execution identifier corresponding to the execution of the        first task.    -   Clause 85. The computer-implemented method of Clause 83, wherein        returning the output of the execution of the second task to        on-demand code execution environment comprises transmitting the        output to a second resource identifier, on the on-demand code        execution environment, including the execution identifier.    -   Clause 86. The computer-implemented method of Clause 79, wherein        generating the call message comprises decapsulating the call        message from to the obtained call.    -   Clause 87. A coordinator computing device configured to manage        one or more coordinated devices within a coordinated        environment, the coordinator computing device comprising:        -   a non-transitory data store including:            -   one or more tasks to manage operation of the one or more                coordinated devices, wherein individual tasks correspond                to code executable by the coordinator computing device;                and            -   event flow information designating an action to be taken                by the coordinator computing device in response to input                by a first coordinated device of the one or more                coordinated devices; and        -   a processor in communication with the non-transitory data            store, the processor configured with computer-executable            instructions to:            -   obtain a configuration package for the coordinator                computing device, the configuration package identifying                the one or more coordinated devices and the one or more                tasks;            -   retrieve the one or more tasks, as identified in the                configuration package, from a network-accessible data                store;            -   store the one or more tasks in the non-transitory data                store;            -   obtain the input first coordinated device;            -   identify, based at least in part on the event flow                information, a first task of the one or more tasks to be                executed in response to the input;            -   generate an execution environment corresponding to the                first task; and            -   execute the first task in the execution environment.    -   Clause 88. The system of Clause 87, wherein the processor is        further configured with computer-executable instructions to:        -   obtain an output of an execution of the first task;        -   identify, based at least in part on the event flow            information, a coordinated device of the one or more            coordinated devices, to which to transmit the output; and        -   transmit the output to the coordinated device.    -   Clause 89. The system of Clause 88, wherein the output is        transmitted as an MQTT notification.    -   Clause 90. The system of Clause 87, wherein the one or more        coordinated devices comprise at least one of a general purpose        computing device, a thin device, or an embedded device        associated with an alternative primary function.    -   Clause 91. Non-transitory computer readable media comprising        instructions to manage one or more coordinated devices within a        coordinated environment that, when executed by a coordinator        computing device associated with the coordinated environment,        cause the coordinator computing device to:        -   obtain a configuration package for the coordinator computing            device, the configuration package identifying the one or            more coordinated devices, one or more tasks to manage            operation of the one or more coordinated devices, wherein            individual tasks correspond to code executable by the            coordinator computing device, and event flow information            designating an action to be taken by the coordinator            computing device in response to input by a first coordinated            device of the one or more coordinated devices;        -   retrieve the one or more tasks, as identified in the            configuration package, from a network-accessible data store;        -   obtain the input first coordinated device;        -   identify, from at least the event flow information, a first            task of the one or more tasks to be executed in response to            the input;        -   generate an execution environment corresponding to the first            task; and        -   execute the first task in the execution environment.    -   Clause 92. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        91, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the        coordinator computing device to:        -   obtain an output message from the first task;        -   reference the event flow information to identify at least            one of a second task or a second coordinated device to which            to transmit the output message; and        -   transmit the output message to at least one of the second            task or second coordinated device.    -   Clause 93. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        92, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the        coordinator computing device to pass the output message to a        router task executed on the coordinator computing device, and        wherein the router task is executable to reference the event        flow information to identify the at least one second task or        second coordinated device.    -   Clause 94. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        91, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the        coordinator computing device to generate the execution        environment as a container isolated from execution environments        of other tasks on the coordinator computing device.    -   Clause 95. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        94, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the        coordinator computing device to provision the execution        environment with access to a data resource required for        execution of the first task.    -   Clause 96. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        91, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the        coordinator computing device to:        -   subscribe to a device shadow service indicating a desired            state of the coordinator computing device; and        -   obtain a notification that the desired state has been            modified at the device shadow service;        -   wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the            coordinator computing device to obtain the configuration            package in response to the notification that the desired            state has been modified.    -   Clause 97. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        91, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the        coordinator computing device to:        -   enqueue a call to the first task in a work item queue; and        -   apply a scheduling algorithm to the work item queue to            select the first task for dequeuing from the work item            queue.    -   Clause 98. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        91, wherein the first task is a shadow service task executable        to cause the coordinator computing device to:        -   determine a desired state of the first coordinated device;        -   modify a device shadow of the first coordinated device to            indicate the desired state; and        -   transmit a notification to the first coordinated device of            the desired state.    -   Clause 99. The non-transitory computer readable media of Clause        91, wherein the notification to the first coordinated device is        transmitted in response to a subscription by the first        coordinated device to a topic corresponding to the device        shadow.    -   Clause 100. A computer-implemented method implemented by a        coordinator computing device to manage one or more coordinated        devices within a coordinated environment, the        computer-implemented method comprising:        -   obtaining a configuration package for the coordinator            computing device, the configuration package identifying the            one or more coordinated devices, one or more tasks to manage            operation of the one or more coordinated devices, wherein            individual tasks correspond to code executable by the            coordinator computing device, and event flow information            designating an action to be taken by the coordinator            computing device in response to input by a first coordinated            device of the one or more coordinated devices;        -   retrieving the one or more tasks, as identified in the            configuration package, from a network-accessible data store;        -   obtaining the input first coordinated device;        -   identifying, from at least the event flow information, a            first task of the one or more tasks to be executed in            response to the input;        -   generating an execution environment corresponding to the            first task; and        -   executing the first task in the execution environment.    -   Clause 101. The computer-implemented method of Clause 100        further comprising:        -   obtaining an output message from the first task;        -   referencing the event flow information to identify at least            one of a second task or a second coordinated device to which            to transmit the output message; and        -   transmitting the output message to at least one of the            second task or second coordinated device.    -   Clause 102. The computer-implemented method of Clause 101,        wherein referencing the event flow information to identify at        least one of the second task or the second coordinated device to        which to transmit the output comprises passing the output        message to a router task executed on the coordinator computing        device, and wherein the router task is executable to reference        the event flow table to identify the at least one second task or        second coordinated device.    -   Clause 103. The computer-implemented method of Clause 100,        wherein generating the execution environment corresponding to        the first task comprises generating a container isolated from        execution environments of other tasks on the coordinator        computing device.    -   Clause 104. The computer-implemented method of Clause 100        further comprising provisioning the execution environment with        access to a data resource required for execution of the first        task.    -   Clause 105. The computer-implemented method of Clause 100        further comprising:        -   subscribing to a device shadow service indicating a desired            state of the coordinator computing device; and        -   obtaining a notification that the desired state has been            modified at the device shadow service;        -   wherein obtaining a configuration package occurs based at            least in part on the notification.    -   Clause 106. The computer-implemented method of Clause 100        further comprising:        -   determining a desired state of the first coordinated device;        -   modifying a device shadow of the first coordinated device to            indicate the desired state; and        -   transmitting a notification to the first coordinated device            of the desired state.

While various functionalities may be described above independently, itis contemplated that these functionalities may be implemented bothindependently or in any combination. Moreover, it is contemplated thatthese functionalities may be combined with functionalities, devices, orenvironments described in the Related Applications, incorporated byreference above. For example, a coordinator computing device asdescribed herein may implement subject matter described in the RelatedApplications to enable interpretation of received messages (e.g., MQTTmessages from coordinated devices) to determine a subset of devices ortasks that the messages should be forward to, potentially by use ofspecialized message topics. As a further example, a coordinatorcomputing device may further utilize security information includedwithin received messages (e.g., from coordinated devices or taskexecutions) to determine whether messages should be forwarded betweenrecipients. As yet another example, a coordinator computing device mayenable the use of embedded codes within messages (e.g., within a topicfield) to enable variable handling of messages, potentially withoutrequiring inspection of a message body. One of skill in the art willappreciate, in light of the present disclosure, that many combinationsof the functionalities described herein are possible.

All of the methods and processes described above may be embodied in, andfully automated via, software code modules executed by one or morecomputers or processors. The code modules may be stored in any type ofnon-transitory computer-readable medium or other computer storagedevice. Some or all of the methods may alternatively be embodied inspecialized computer hardware.

Conditional language such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might” or“may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, are otherwise understoodwithin the context as used in general to present that certainembodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certainfeatures, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is notgenerally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are inany way required for one or more embodiments or that one or moreembodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without userinput or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps areincluded or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y or Z,”unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with thecontext as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may beeither X, Y or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y and/or Z).Thus, such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and shouldnot, imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at leastone of Y or at least one of Z to each be present.

Unless otherwise explicitly stated, articles such as ‘a’ or ‘an’ shouldgenerally be interpreted to include one or more described items.Accordingly, phrases such as “a device configured to” are intended toinclude one or more recited devices. Such one or more recited devicescan also be collectively configured to carry out the stated recitations.For example, “a processor configured to carry out recitations A, B andC” can include a first processor configured to carry out recitation Aworking in conjunction with a second processor configured to carry outrecitations B and C.

Any routine descriptions, elements or blocks in the flow diagramsdescribed herein and/or depicted in the attached figures should beunderstood as potentially representing modules, segments, or portions ofcode which include one or more executable instructions for implementingspecific logical functions or elements in the routine. Alternateimplementations are included within the scope of the embodimentsdescribed herein in which elements or functions may be deleted, orexecuted out of order from that shown or discussed, includingsubstantially synchronously or in reverse order, depending on thefunctionality involved as would be understood by those skilled in theart.

It should be emphasized that many variations and modifications may bemade to the above-described embodiments, the elements of which are to beunderstood as being among other acceptable examples. All suchmodifications and variations are intended to be included herein withinthe scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A coordinator computing device implementing acommunication manager enabling communications between executions oftasks on the coordinator computing device, wherein the coordinatorcomputing devices is configured to manage one or more coordinateddevices within a coordinated environment, the system comprising: anon-transitory data store including computer executable instructionscorresponding to the communication manager that, when executed, enablescommunication between tasks execution on the coordinator computingdevice, wherein individual tasks of correspond to code executable by thecoordinator computing device to manage operation of the one or morecoordinated devices; a processor in communication with thenon-transitory data store and configured to execute the communicationmanager, wherein execution of the communication manager causes theprocessor to: obtain a call message from an execution of a first task onthe coordinator computing device, wherein the call message is addressedto a resource identifier associated with a second task, and wherein thecall message includes parameters to be passed to an execution of thesecond task; identify the second task from at least the resourceidentifier to which the call message is addressed; cause execution ofthe second task on the coordinator computing device; transmit anexecution identifier to the execution of the second task; obtain areturn message from the execution of the second task, wherein the returnmessage specifies the execution identifier; identify the return messageas an output of the execution of the second task based at least in parton the resource identifier including the execution identifier; andreturn the output of the execution of the second task to the executionof the first task.
 2. The coordinator computing device of claim 1,wherein at least one of the call message or the return message are ahypertext transport protocol (HTTP) message.
 3. The coordinatorcomputing device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configuredto generate execution environments for the respective executions of thefirst task and of the second task, and wherein the executionenvironments are isolated from one another.
 4. The coordinator computingdevice of claim 1, wherein execution of the communication managerfurther causes the processor to validate security information within thecall message.
 5. The coordinator computing device of claim 1, whereinthe return message specifies the execution identifier by including theexecution identifier in at least one of an address to which the returnmessage is transmitted or a header field of the return message. 6.Non-transitory computer readable media including instructions executableby a coordinator computing device to implement a communication managerenabling communications between executions of tasks on the coordinatorcomputing device, wherein individual tasks of correspond to codeexecutable by the coordinator computing device to manage operation ofthe one or more coordinated devices, and wherein execution of theinstructions causes the coordinator computing device to: obtain a callmessage from an execution of a first task on the coordinator computingdevice, wherein the call message is addressed to a resource identifierassociated with a second task; identify the second task from at leastthe resource identifier to which the call message is addressed; causeexecution of the second task on the coordinator computing device; obtaina return message from the execution of the second task, wherein thereturn message includes an execution identifier associated with theexecution of the second task; identify the return message as an outputof the execution of the second task based at least in part on theresource identifier including the execution identifier; and return theoutput of the execution of the second task to the execution of the firsttask.
 7. The non-transitory computer readable media of claim 6, whereinexecution of the instructions further causes the coordinator computingdevice to obtain a return request message from the execution of thefirst task, and wherein the output of the execution of the second taskis returned to the execution of the first task in response to the returnrequest message.
 8. The non-transitory computer readable media of claim7, wherein the return request message is addressed to the resourceidentifier including the execution identifier.
 9. The non-transitorycomputer readable media of claim 7, wherein the return request messageis obtained prior to obtaining the return message.
 10. Thenon-transitory computer readable media of claim 6, wherein the callmessage includes a priority to be assigned to the execution of thesecond task.
 11. The non-transitory computer readable media of claim 6,wherein the resource identifier associated with the second task includesa domain name associated with the coordinator computing device, a portassociated with the communication manager, and a path associated withthe second task.
 12. The non-transitory computer readable media of claim6, wherein the resource identifier associated with the second task is auniform resource identifier.
 13. The non-transitory computer readablemedia of claim 6, wherein the first task correspond and the second taskare the same task.
 14. A computer-implemented method to enablecommunication between executions of tasks on the coordinator computingdevice, wherein individual tasks of correspond to code executable by thecoordinator computing device, the computer-implemented methodcomprising: obtaining a call message from an execution of a first taskon the coordinator computing device, wherein the call message isaddressed to a resource identifier associated with a second task;identifying the second task from at least the resource identifier towhich the call message is addressed; causing execution of the secondtask on the coordinator computing device; obtaining a return messagefrom the execution of the second task, wherein the return messageincludes an execution identifier associated with the execution of thesecond task; identifying the return message as an output of theexecution of the second task based at least in part on the resourceidentifier including the execution identifier; and returning the outputof the execution of the second task to the execution of the first task.15. The computer-implemented method of claim 14 further comprising atleast one of assigning the execution identifier to the execution of thesecond task or identifying, within the call message, the executionidentifier.
 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 14 furthercomprising passing the execution identifier to the execution of thesecond task.
 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, whereincausing execution of the second task on the coordinator computing devicecomprises generating an execution environment for the execution of thesecond task on the coordinator computing device.
 18. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein returning the output ofthe execution of the second task to the execution of the first taskcomprises returning the output as a push message to the first task. 19.The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein the first taskcorresponds to code of a first programming language and the second taskcorresponds to code of a second programming language.
 20. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 14 further comprising obtaining areturn request message from the execution of the first task, wherein theoutput of the execution of the second task is returned to the executionof the first task in response to the return request message.
 21. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 20, wherein the return requestmessage is obtained prior to obtaining the return message.